Personal Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Personal Philosophy - Essay Example It is an imperative effort to ensure a keen and meticulous understanding of the behaviour and inclinations of infants and toddlers in order to come up with more effective and profound methods and approaches of providing learning and care to infants and toddlers. This piece of article shall present a personal philosophy that will concentrate more on the different topics related to infant and toddler learning and care. It shall provide relatively intended recommendations on how to improve the existing methods of training up infants and toddlers. This shall discuss on the manifold factors that affect and influence the learning process and care involving infants and toddlers. Also, an elaboration on child’s important participation in carrying out the steps drawn out from the personal philosophy will be provided as well. It is my ardent belief that early childhood development learning and care should be provided at places wherein these young individuals will be given the ability to hook up with the world and would trigger their earliest possible environmental consciousness that will help them to grow and improve their learning process. It is highly important that while infants and toddlers need to make a connection with the natural world most on their own, it is likewise important to make sure that training centers for infants and toddlers should provide an environment that is safe, amicable and full of love and care. They should be exposed in an environment where they can feel that they are loved and cared. The eventual or future personality and attitude of our children is heavily contingent to how they were trained when they were still young. Seen this way, it would be a significant step to employ a type of teaching that would help them develop their self-confidence that will surely help them beco me active learners. It is my

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay Example for Free

America Experience in Nineteenth Century Essay During the half of nineteenth century in America, it really brought in experience to the recently happenings. Throughout this period, more individuals were trying so hard to carve out their own versions of the American dream and create their own definition on citizenship. Despite the obvious diversity of experience, most historians such as, Andrew Carnegie, Mary Church Tyrell and minor individuals argue that the mentioned experience shared commonalities are the foundation of American experience.                  Andrew Carnegie tries too hard to explain the gospel of wealth whereby he states that the rich and the poor can be tied together in harmonious relationship by proper administration of wealth. He says that the contrast between millionaires and cottage laborers currently measures change that has come with civilization. This change in wealth approves to be so beneficial and essential for the progress of the race in refinements of civilization that a house is the household for all. There is no bias in the change in the wealth since today the world obtains commodities at excellent quality prices in which the poor and the rich can enjoy with no prejudice (Andrew 23).                There is a great indifference lynching on the side of the church due to barbarism at homes (Mary 178). She pledges to the forei.gn missionary work that they should inaugurate crusades against barbarism at homes that has conformed hundreds of people into savage. This context is contrary rebellious to biblical teachings since only ignorance and lawlessness to date has led to people criticizing the effort put forth by the churches in the Negro’s behalf.                     During the times, there were wars and fight that took over so as they could get lands to settle in. they fought with the Indians, took over their properties such as, horses and cattle, and carried them away (Chief Joseph 187). The Indians were left homeless and some lost their lives during the wall. The author always prayed that the white men would live as brethren and that the case today. During the times, America was so strong and worked together for a certain goal and that is why they won the battle against the Indians.                     During the century, people in America slept in a ranch and ate cook shack most of the time. During the round up, and occasional other spells, people slept in the open and ate their chuck when squatted on their haunches around the check wagon. Besides feeding on beef and beans, they played wild games whenever the cooky took the notation or one of the waddies would decide to diverge the meat deal by going out and shooting some games (Sheldon 37).                From the past, women have been held responsible for the health of the community a function that is now represented by the health department. Certainly, the military conception to educate children so as they are equipped with kindergartens andare given a decent place for play, these things have traditionally in the hands of women (Jane 64). Most of the departments in modern cities can be traced as women’s traditional activities for example; home cleanliness and wholesome was in the hands of women but recently is represented by Bureau of Teenagers House Inspection                   Chinese people were given an appeal from the American citizens, on the pedestal fund of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty. Chinese never believed in liberty since they had a lot of hardship while the other nationalities were free (American Missionary 290). This showed inhuman since other countries enjoyed liberty but Chinese did not. Chinese loved and adored liberty but they could not allow the ones denying it to them liberty invite them to a graven image and bow to it. In assumption, from the understanding about the America experience, I concur with the shared idea since most of the history can be approved by the recently happenings. References Andrew Carnegie, Gospel of Wealth, c. 1889 Chief Joseph Speech before Congress, Washington DC, 187 Mary Church Terrell, Lynching from a Negros Point of View, North American Review, 178, (1904): 853-68. Sheldon F. Gauthier. Reprinted in Jim Lanning and Judy Lanning, eds. Texas Cowboys: Jane Addams, Women and Public Housekeeping, 1913 American Missionary, Vol. 39 (October 1885), p. 290 Source document

Coastal Squeeze Of Salt Marshes Environmental Sciences Essay

Coastal Squeeze Of Salt Marshes Environmental Sciences Essay Coastal squeeze of salt marshes refers to any situation in which the coastal margin, which is the area buffering land and sea is squeezed between the fixed boundary of the land, and the rising sea level. Numerous studies regarding rising sea level exist, though there is only a select few that directly address the problem of coastal squeeze on tidal marshes. Past 200 years has seen an accelerated and unprecedented loss of natural wetlands due to direct and indirect human activity. A reported 50% or salt marshes are lost or degraded worldwide (MEA 2005, UNEP 2006). Despite ongoing restoration efforts around the world, the overall demands for more housing and associated development activities will lead to more loss of active wetlands. An increasing population, coupled with agricultural development and advances in technology have an ever greater impact on wetlands. Humans have been utilizing wetlands and their resources since the onset of organized civilization. Documented use of salt marshes for ecosystem services date back to the Neolithic in some areas (Knotterus 2005), and the origin of civilization is said to be the Mesopotamian tidal marshes, or the Fertile Crescent. (Sanlaville 2002) Nevertheless, wetlands have been undergoing mass degradation worldwide, with losses in the United States beginning with the arrival of early settlers in the late 16th century. Studies show that the United States has lost 54% of its original 87 million hectares of wetland, and that number is continually dwindling. (Tiner 1984) This loss of wetlands can only be expected to get worse with rising sea level which will drown and squeeze out many coastal marshes. Current predictions expect sea level to rise by 40cm by 2080, producing massive impacts on coastal wetland. Human Use The enclosure of coastal land, namely salt marshes, has been a way of artificially creating productive land for many centuries. Beginning with the colonization of the United States by Dutch and English settlers in the late 17th century, salt marshes were used by humans for a variety of uses, their primary use being grazing of livestock, and harvesting of salt hay to be used as livestock feed and fodder. Salt marshes during this period of time were often artificially diked, filled, planted and tilled to create an alterable and ideal landscape for agricultural use. This widespread drainage was most prevalent in the southern colonies of the United States. As the industrial revolution began in the 19th century, agriculture began to move across the US via Westward Expansion, and an increasing immigrant population and the need for urban expansion yielded a new population which had little connection to the land. In this time period, salt marshes were increasingly converted to usable space, such as housing and industrial factories. (Bromberg- Gedan Sillman 2009) The public perception of salt marshes shifted from that of a fertile agricultural land, to a menace to health and life, a trackless wasteland that must be converted to a usable landscape. In this time period, a large portion of the United States salt marshes were converted into other types of environments, often urbanized. It was not until the late 1960s that the value of salt marshes was recognized again by the United States public and governmental population, and these concerns have deepend over time as repeated environmental and economic disasters validate the predictions of the 60s and 70s. Scientific perspectives towards wetland science are shifting to contain: a wider recognition of the consequences of wetland degradation, opportunities for wetlands to deliver improvements through integrated development, a focus through the conservation movement, and more recognition of ecosystem services within policy frameworks. (Maltby, 2009) The concept of wise use of wetlands, enacted through the Ramsar Convention of 1970, was a major leap forward in the preservation of coastal wetlands, with its regulations and goals still being used in coastal policy today. (Maltby 2009) Though human society has made leaps and bounds in the preservation of salt marshes, the current rate of loss is estimated at 1-2% per year worldwide. (Butler, 2010) The diked coastal floodplain of the US is about 50,000 km in size, much of which would have been coastal wetlands, and while restoration efforts are in place, it is not enough to counteract the loss worldwide. Models suggest that future coastal wetland loss through sea level rise will reach 5-20% of current wetlands by 2080, while urban development will continue to pressure wetlands. The global biodiversity outlook suggests that this coastal squeeze may cause coastal wetland systems to be reduced to narrow fringes by 2100, or lost entirely. (Figure 1) http://www.beachapedia.org/images/d/db/Global_warming_graphic3.gif Figure 1: Anticipated future changes to salt marshes as sea level rises. (Titus 1991) The Importance of salt marshes To stand at the edge of the sea, to sense the ebb and flow of the tides, to feel the breath of a mist moving over a great salt marsh, to watch the flight of shore birds that have swept up and down the surf lines of the continents for untold thousands of years, to see the running of the old eels and the young shad to sea, is to have the knowledge of things that are nearly eternal as any earthly life can be.- Rachel Carson, Under the Sea Wind, 1941 National academy of Sciences defines wetlands as: ecosystems that depend on constant or recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate. The minimum essential characteristics of a wetland are recurrent, sustained inundation or saturated at or near the surface and the presence of physical, chemical, and biological features reflective of recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation. Common diagnostic features of wetlands are hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation. These features will not be present where specific physio-chemical, biotic, or anthropogenic factors have removed them or prevented their development. (Natural Resource Council, 1995) Technically, wetlands can occur in any area in which precipitation is larger than losses from evaporation and drainage, but are dependent on how humans choose to use them. Since the colonization of the United States, wetlands have been steadily decreasing. Wetland occur over a wide range of environments, from the arctic to the tropics, from coastal areas to secluded intercontinental areas. The total wetland area on earth has been estimated to be approximately 6% of its total land surface at a minimum, as many countries do not have comprehensive inventories of identified wetlands. (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) In North America, specifically the USA and Canada, there is an estimated 14.2 million hectares of wetlands (Scott and Jones 1995). The wetlands of the United States span the entire east coast, and are also incredibly extensive along the Gulf of Mexico, but less common on the steeper, rockier Pacific coast. This paper will focus on the salt marshes of the Eastern United States, namely New England. Complex interactions take place within these ecosystems, in which the biotic and abiotic world are fully linked. The interactions that take place within these environments provide the basis for the delivery of goods and services from these ecosystems. The provision of these services, however, is reliant on the maintenance and protection of these ecosystems. Benefits from ecological processes that occur in wetlands are not always obvious, and for this reason, they tend to be ignored by humans when decisions are made to alter wetlands. As stated in The Wetlands Handbook, Wetland functions are the result of ecological processes that are necessary for the self-maintenance of the ecosystems, and occur without human intervention. (Maltby 2009) Wetlands protect and maintain water quality by providing a filter for sediments and excess nutrients, essentially purifying water in connected water resources, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers, which are used by humans for recreational activities, and drinking water. Nutrients, toxins, and sediments enter the wetland environment via runoff, which in urban areas can contain very high levels of toxic materials which could contaminate the water supply, if not for filtration via marshes and wetlands. Scientists have estimated that wetlands may remove between 70% and 90% of the worlds entering nitrogen (Reilly 1991, Gilliam 1994), in addition to the removal of pathogens, toxic metals such as lead and copper, surface water pollutants, and other nutrients such as phosphorus. Salt marshes alone sequester more carbon in their soils than any other temperate biome partially due to the unique microbes that live in these environments, sequestering roughly 771 Billion tons, the same amount that i s currently in our atmosphere. In addition to this, they contribute 1% or more to the annual global loss of fixed nitrogen via microbially mediated denitrification. (Schuster Watson 2007) The hydrology of a particular wetland environment controls every factor of the ecosystem, including nutrient cycling, biogeochemical processes, species biodiversity, and filtration. (Maltby 2009) Coastal Wetlands are not only an interface between land and sea, but also an interface between groundwater, surface water, and atmospheric moisture. Wetlands process key ecosystem elements such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, and thus are the basis of ecosystem functioning and balance. It is this balance that maintains the supply of wetland products and service that are valuable to humans and other species alike. However, like many environments, this balance is fragile, and the removal or addition of one key element could alter the way the entire ecosystem functions. Salt marshes provide many valuable ecosystem services which must be preserved. (Table 1) Salt marshes act as natural filters that purify water entering the estuary (Mitsch and Gosselink 2008). As water passes through marshes, it slows due to friction of grasses. Suspended sediments are then deposited on the marsh surface, facilitating nutrient uptake, and filtering the water. This filtration is very valuable to human drinking water, as displayed In Louisiana, where treatment of wastewater attained capitalized cost savings of $785 to $15,000/acre compared to municipal treatment. (Breaux 1995) Marshes are an important storm buffer, and provide many resources such as fish, sand, gravel, hay, and shellfish to humans. Table 1 Values of ecosystem services of tidal marshes Ecosystem service Examples of human benefits Average value (Adj. 2007 $a haà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 yearà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) Disturbance regulation Storm protection and shoreline protection $2824 Waste treatment Nutrient removal and transformation $9565 Habitat/refugia Fish and shrimp nurseries $280 Food production Fishing, hunting, gathering, aquaculture $421 aw materials Fur trapping $136 Recreation Hunting, fishing, birdwatching $1171 TOTAL $14,397 Table 1: Estimated monetary value of ecosystem services marshes provide on an annual basis (Gedan Bromwell, 2009) Dollar values were adjusted for inflation from original data, presented in 1994 dollars (Costanza et al. 1997). The adjustment was done with the U.S. Department of Labor Inflation Calculator, which uses the Consumer Price Index to correct values through time. Please see Costanza et al. (1997) for valuation methods and note that this valuation method is not universally accepted by economists, see Bockstael et al. (2000) Coastal Squeeze in Marshes Coastal squeeze, as defined by the Environment Agency of England is The reduction of intertidal (mean low water spring tide to mean high water spring tide) habitat as a consequence of sea level rise and the action of flood defenses. If sea levels rise without flood defenses in place, the inter-tidal area is able to gradually move inland over time and there is no net loss of habitat. With defenses or other constraints present, the movement inland of the high water line is impeded, but the low waterline moves shoreward, which leads to a loss of the inter-tidal delta. (Figure 2) (Black and Veatch, 2006) It occurs when landward conversion is not able to take place. Landward conversion takes place when the lower limits of salt marsh habitats are eroded, and the eroded sediments are re-deposited further landwards. This process is often referred to as habitat rollover. http://www.eloisegroup.org/themes/climatechange/images/coastal_squeeze.jpg Figure 2: Illustration of the process of coastal squeeze due to seawalls. (Pontee 2011) Causes of Coastal Squeeze There are many different driving factors of coastal squeeze, including sea level rise, waves, storm activity, sediment supply, and sediment mobility. Coastal erosion is the main factor in coastal squeeze, as it would not be able to occur if it were not for sea level rise and the resulting need for a migration of the salt marsh landscape. Natural causes of coastal squeeze are loss of the total wetland area by coastal erosion and inundation, change in forest or beach structure via natural disasters or erosion, migration rather than overall loss, and the accretion of new beach or land. There are also a number of anthropogenic causes of erosion, which tend to be more localized than natural causes. Oftentimes, the erosion is caused by sand and gravel extraction from beaches, the construction of piers or breakwaters, which interrupt sediment transport, and the construction of floodwalls and ditches, which prevent coastal retreat. (Pontee 2011) . Examples of anthropogenic coastal defenses i nclude seawalls, which are large concrete structures, bulkheads, which are retaining walls made of wood (not only do they block landward migration, but also often release toxins into the water), and revetment, which is a sloping structure of rocks which decreases the shallow water refuge of an intertidal zone. (Butler 2007) While the width of coastal environments varies natural on an annual, or even a month to month basis, the result of anthropogenic coastal squeeze are typically long term, if restoration actions are not taken. Relation to Climate Change Climate change can affect salt marshes in a number of different ways, namely through sea level rise, particularly when sea walls prevent marsh vegetation from moving upward and inland. With predicted rates of sea level rise, coastal accretion may very well fail to keep pace with this accelerated rise if a critical threshold is crossed, and marsh vegetation is drowned. (Kirwan and Guntenspergen 2009) However, sea level rise does not always lead to the loss of marsh areas, because some marshes experience a process called vertical accretion, in which sediments accumulate vertically, helping the marsh to maintain their elevation with the respect to sea-level where the supply of sediment is sufficient. This is only possible, however, in areas in which the sediment is available. In areas where the sediment supply is more limited, marshes are more susceptible to coastal squeeze, which may lead to their eventual drowning. Vertical Accretion is not always good, however, because after a certai n height, marshes will no longer be regularly inundated by the tide, and this accretion will form a natural barrier. (Temmerman et al 2004) Rising levels of Co2 may affect salt marsh plants and limit their response to coastal squeeze, and temperature change could potentially alter the geographical distribution of salt marshes in temperate and arctic latitudes. (Chapman 1977) However, temperature may change too quickly for many marshes to migrate and adjust. Recent evidence suggests that hurricane intensity and frequency is also anticipated to increase with climate change, causing higher rates of erosion in tidal marshes, increasing the rate of coastal squeeze. (IPCC 2007) Case Studies Abbots hall: Abbots hall Farm is located within the Blackwater Estuary of Essex, England. It consists of farmland, dry grassland, salt tolerant grassland, and existing marsh areas. The main factor in the increasing problem of coastal squeeze in this area was the 3.8km of sea wall along the north bank of the Salcott Channel, a main marsh creek. The saltmarsh was on the seaward side of this wall, thus subjecting it to coastal squeeze by limiting it migration landwards. However, the Coastal Realignment project breached the wall in many areas, so as to provide area for new saltmarsh to form inland. While wall still remains at the ends of the farm as property markers, the resulting intermittent, unrestricted areas of marsh now have the potential to remain healthy and viable in the future. While this is an improvement, the Essex coastline still contains over 400 miles of sea wall, built to enclose saltings to improve grazing. Though these are not expected to be taken down in the near futur e, the loss of wetlands may prompt a dire need to do just so. (Figure 3) Figure 3: Rising seas causing a narrowing shoreline on the Blackwater Estuary, Essex (Doody, 2004) The Gulf coast Region of the United States, which includes vast marshes such as the Florida Everglades, is experiencing some of the highest wetland loss rates in the United States, largely because of human interference. The Everglades region of Florida contains a wide array of wetland environments, including sawgrass prairies, salt marshes, tree islands, and mangrove forests. The Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and Other Purposes of 1948 created many canals, floodgates, and levees to reduce flood risks to agriculture, transportation, and urban development. However, they interfered with natural hydrological processes in the area, and in return, actually reduced their natural capacity to mitigate flooding. (Robert Twilley 2007) Future Expectations and Conclusions Global climate change is expected to affect can and atmospheric circulation, sea level rise, the intensity of hurricanes, the magnitude of precipitation, and sea surface and air temperatures. (IPCC 2007) Under normal conditions, salt marshes adjust to these conditions, but under the increased pressures of population rise and urbanization, combined with the ever quickening rate of climate change, salt marshes may not be able to adapt fast enough to the changes occurring around them. The future hydrology of salt marshes will all depend on these factors. In the case of a widespread depletion of salt marshes, we can anticipate the effects to worsen globally.

America: Myth Of Equality Essay -- essays research papers

America: Myth of Equality To many, the Unites States serves as the ideal model of democracy for the modern world. Yet, how truly worthy is America of this status? Although it has been said that, â€Å"Equality is as American as baseball, hot dogs, and apple pie,† one must be extremely critical when analyzing such a statement. By taking a historical perspective to the question of how â€Å"equal† American equality actually is, it is simple to recognize how problematic the â€Å"Land of the Free† mentality can be. The early America’s most prominent thinkers have been sensationalized and given credit for developing a free and equal system. However, one can recognize that their manner of thinking was far from this idea of â€Å"all men are created equal† by critical examination of their literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When analyzing equality, a sociological and legal approach must be made. In the case of the United States, the sociological stratification, or division of power, of minority groups had adversely affected the development of the legal system. Especially in the 1600s and 1700s, legal and social equality of those not of the Caucasian persuasion, the less fortunate, and of the female gender was almost nonexistent. This inequality is a direct result of the early American society’s ranking system. Equality was not perceived in the minds of such individuals as John Winthrop, John Adams, and James Madison, and as a result, their significant accomplishments towards the development of the American system have tainted the institution itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the earliest American social groups was the 17th Century Puritans. This society had an extremely unique and strict manner of thinking that was entirely based on inequality. This is clearly represented by the writings of the Puritan leader John Winthrop. In â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity,† Winthrop outlines the societal rationale, and in turn, the disparity of equality in his society. The gist of the Puritan way of life is that, by the grace of God, certain individuals were empowered with the ability to be enlightened and the capability of achieving much within the society itself. However, by the same reasoning, some individuals were also destined to take the lesser roles in society, and as a result, had no power to move up within the ranks because of this inescapable predetermination. Thi... ...the initial American system. The factions that Madison concerns himself with were the population’s majority, otherwise known as the lesser classes. As a result, the establishment of division of power and checks and balances clauses would give the populace a lesser chance of gaining much authority over the already established aristocracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this is the case, why is America perceived to be relatively fair and equal today? Fortunately the early American politicians did develop framework to allow the Constitution to evolve, and combined with the political movements in both minority and women’s rights of the end of this century, much of this unjust stigma has been eliminated from the system. Still, racial discrepancies in the courts occur more frequently then not, and the social makeup of American politicians continues to follow a predetermined â€Å"mold.† Is this a direct result of the discrepancies formed in the earlier stages of American history? It is hard for anyone to tell. What is indisputable is that the Declaration of Independence’s statement, â€Å"All men are created equal,† was far from the truth during early American history. Word Count: 1,323

Chartered Market Technician

Chartered Market Technician (CMT) Program Level 1 Spring 2012 Reading Assignments The CMT 1 candidate is responsible for the material on a definition level. The candidate must understand the terminology used in these readings, be able to describe the concepts discussed in these readings, and be able to examine trends. The CMT Level 1 Exam measures basic, entry-level competence. The CMT 1 candidate should have a working knowledge of the basic tools of the technician. Exam time length: 2 hours Exam format: Multiple Choice Immediate scoring will be available this exams.CMT Level 1 Exam tests the candidate's knowledge of six basic areas of technical analysis: 1) Terminology of technical analysis 2) Methods of charting 3) Determination of price trends/basics of pattern recognition 4) Establishing price targets 5) Equity market analysis 6) Applying technical analysis to bonds, currencies, futures and options Listed below and on the following page are the reading assignments for the Level 1 Exam. The CMT candidate is responsible for knowing and understanding the entire list of reading assignments. ***********************************************************************************CMT Level 1 Exam Reading Assignments 1) MTA Code of Ethics (attached at the end of this document) 2) Edwards, Robert D. and Magee, John, Technical Analysis of Stock Trends, 9th Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, c2007, ISBN 0-8493-3772-0 Chapters: 1. The Technical Approach to Trading and Investing 2. Charts 3. The Dow Theory 4. The Dow Theory in Practice 5. The Dow Theory’s Defects 5. 1 The Dow Theory in the 20th and 21st Centuries 6. Important Reversal Patterns 7. Important Reversal Patterns – Continued 8. Important Reversal Patterns – The Triangles 9.Important Reversal Patterns – Continued 10. Other Reversal Phenomena 10. 1 Short-Term Phenomena of Potential Importance 11. Consolidation Formations 12. Gaps 13. Support and Resistance 14 . Trendlines and Channels 15. Major Trendlines 15. 1 Trading the Averages in the 21st Century 16. Technical Analysis of Commodity Charts 16. 1 Technical Analysis of Commodity Charts, Part 2 17. 2 Advancements in Investment Technology 23. Choosing and Managing High-Risk Stocks 25. Two Touchy Questions 27. Stop Orders 28. What Is A Bottom – What Is A Top? 29. Trendlines in Action 30. Use of Support and Resistance 31.Not All in One Basket 38. Balanced and Diversified 39. Trial and Error 40. How Much Capital to Use in Trading 41. Application of Capital in Practice 42. Portfolio Risk Management 43. Stick to Your Guns Appendix â€Å"C† Technical Analysis of Futures Charts 3) Kirkpatrick, Charles D. and Dahlquist, Julie R. : Technical Analysis The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians, Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, c. 2006, ISBN 10:0-13-153113-1 Chapters: 1. Introduction to Technical Analysis 2. The Basic Principle of Technical A nalysis – The Trend 3. History of Technical Analysis 4.The Technical Analysis Controversy 5. An Overview of Markets 6. Dow Theory 8. Measuring Market Strength 9. Temporal Patterns and Cycles 10. Flow of Funds 11. History and Construction of Charts 12. Trends – The Basics 14. Moving Averages 15. Bar Chart Patterns 17. Short-Term Patterns 18. Confirmation 19. Cycles 20. Elliott, Fibonacci, and Gann 21. Selection of Markets and Issues: Trading and Investing 23. Money and Risk Management Appendix â€Å"A† Basic Statistics Appendix â€Å"B† Types of Orders and Other Trader Terminology 4) Pring, Martin J. : Technical Analysis Explained, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, NY, c. 001, ISBN 007-138193-7 Chapters: 2. Financial Markets and the Business Cycle 3. Dow Theory 4. Typical Parameters for Intermediate Trends 5. Price Patterns 6. Smaller Price Patterns 7. One- and Two-Bar Price Patterns 8. Trendlines 9. Moving Averages 10. Momentum Principles 1 1. Individual Momentum Indicators I 12. Individual Momentum Indicators II 13. Candle Charts 15. Miscellaneous Techniques for Determining Trends 16. The Concept of Relative Strength 18. Price: The Major Averages 19. Price: Group Rotation 20. Time: Longer-Term Cycles 22. Volume: General Principles 23. Volume Oscillators 24. Breadth 25.Why Interest Rates Affect the Market 26. Sentiment Indicators 27. Applying Technical Analysis to the Theory of Contrary Opinion 28. Checkpoints for Identifying Primary Stock Market Peaks and Troughs 29. Automated Trading Systems 30. Technical Analysis of Global Stock Markets 31. Technical Analysis of Individual Stocks 5) Jeremy du Plessis, The Definitive Guide to Point and Figure, Harriman House LTD, 2009, ISBN 1-897-59763-0. Click on the following link to buy it at an MTA member’s special discount: www. updata. co. uk/shop/mtabookoffer. asp Chapters: 1. Introduction to Point and Figure Charts 2.Characteristics and Construction 3. Understanding Po int and Figure Charts 4. Projecting Price Targets Revised November 2011 Market Technicians Association CODE OF ETHICS Amended December 2004 The Market Technicians Association has established ethical standards of professional conduct which every Member and Affiliate shall maintain. The Ethical Standards set forth in 1 through 9 serve as a guide of professional responsibility and as a benchmark for ethical judgment. 1. Members and Affiliates shall maintain at all times the highest standards of professional competence, integrity and judgment.Said standards should be maintained, and members and affiliates should act with dignity and in an ethical manner when dealing with the public, clients, prospects, employees, fellow Members and Affiliates and business associates. This ethical standard requires strict compliance with the applicable laws and regulations of any government, governmental agency and regulatory organization which has jurisdiction over the professional activities of Members and Affiliates. This same ethical standard requires that Members and Affiliates abide by the Constitution and By-Laws of the Association, and all rules promulgated by its Board of Directors.Members and Affiliates shall not unduly exploit their relationship with the Association for commercial purposes, nor use, or permit others to use, Association mailing lists for other than Association purposes. 2. Members and Affiliates shall not publish or make statements which they know or have reason to believe are inaccurate or misleading. Members and Affiliates shall avoid leading others to believe that their technically-derived views of future security price behavior reflect foreknowledge rather than estimates and projections subject to reexamination and, as events may dictate, to change. . Members and Affiliates shall not publish or make statements concerning the technical position of a security, a market or any of its components or aspects unless such statements are reasonable and consist ent in light of the available evidence and of the accumulated knowledge in the field of financial technical analysis. New methods of technical analysis and modifications of existing concepts and techniques shall be fully documented as to procedure and rationale.Proprietary methods shall not be infringed, but this standard shall be a guide in the creation of proprietary products. 4. Members and Affiliates shall not publish or make statements which indefensibly disparage and discredit the analytical work of others. 5. Members and Affiliates shall not seek, disseminate or act on the basis of material, non-public (inside) information, if to do so would violate the laws and regulations of any government, governmental agency or regulatory organization relating to the use of inside information. . Members and Affiliates shall keep in confidence knowledge concerning the lawful private affairs of both past and present clients, employers, and employer’s clients. 7. When a Member or Affi liate recommends that a security ought to be bought, sold or held, adequate opportunity to act on such a recommendation shall be given to the Member’s or Affiliate’s clients, employer, and the employer’s clients before acting on behalf of either the Member’s or Affiliate’s own account or the accounts of immediate family members. 8.Members and Affiliates shall not copy or deliberately use substantially the same language or analysis contained in reports, studies or writings prepared by any author unless permission to do so is received, in advance, from the author. In the event the original author is deceased, or is otherwise unavailable to grant such permission, Members and Affiliates must ensure that the original author receives prominent and adequate credit for the original work. 9. Members who have earned the CMT designation shall use CMT after their name whenever and wherever appropriate.

Religious Studies Essays

Religious Studies Essays Religious Studies Essay Religious Studies Essay Essay Topic: Nashville Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Religious Studies The relationship between religion and literature is illustrated where several themes are integrated with the views of religion. It also focuses on explaining the connection between people’s concerns, related, religious inclinations and the literary styles used to articulate the information. Several themes have been illustrated in various sources containing religious information including films, books and different articles. However, this document will focus on discussing several themes in the religious movie known as Fireproof. Fireproof is a movie that narrates about a firefighter who deals with the problem of his wife wanting to divorce him. However, his father pleads with him to postpone the divorce for a period of forty days and offers him a book known as the Love Dare (Richard 13). The book is meant to solve the firefighter’s marriage problems with his wife, because it informs about the temperament of true love and gives steps of guidance in solving relationship issues. One of the themes found in Fireproof is forgiveness, and it relates the scene where the firefighter is forgiven by his wife, to the religious forgiveness that an individual experiences when he is in a relationship with God (Solomon 23). It illustrates the importance of an individual’s marriage or relationship to God as a valuable investment because through this relationship, all other things in life thrive. Therefore, fireproofing or safeguarding this worthy union protects the believer from being tempted to transgress. In addition, the believers become unionized with God and hence are able to maintain peace with their enemies (Solomon 23). The next theme found in Fireproof is faith, and it is illustrated where the firefighter decided to trust in the book his father gave him as he was about to give up with his marriage and divorce his wife (Anker 6). The firefighter made the choice to believe that he would find some hope once he begun reading the book about saving his marriage. Faith is also witnessed at the concluding scene, whereby he decides to be a born again Christian. He runs to the backyard of his father’s house and weeps on a statue of a cross as his father meets him to comfort and pray for him. He finally takes a step of faith by giving his life to Jesus Christ with the hope of experiencing peace and happiness in his life, marriage and family. The theme of unconditional love is illustrated at the concluding scene where the firefighter experiences divine forgiveness. The next day after giving his life to Christ, the man appears to be very happy and peaceful as compared to other times when he seemed to be in a cranky mood. Therefore, this means that the love of God is unconditional and limitless since anyone is allowed to experience it and hence He wants people to live through honoring in order to experience that love (Chris and Rao, M.D 262) The other theme in the Fireproof movie is the theme of addiction. It is displayed in the scene whereby the firefighter is addicted to accessing internet pornography. As a result, his wife complains several times about this habit and it ends up being one of the reasons for wanting to divorce him. The man struggles with quitting the habit but becomes unsuccessful until the day he gives his life to Jesus Christ (Stephen 57). From that day, he develops a profound strength and faith that helps him overcome this habit. For example, instead of using the computer when he arrives from work, he forms an interest in reading the bible. Biblical principles have also been used as a form of literature in Fireproof based on the strong foundation of marriage. The movie explains the principle on how every relationship has to face certain challenges because different circumstances in life always find a way to interfere in relationships. However, these problems faced by couples are meant to strengthen the marital relationship since it enables each person in the commitment to display positive strong qualities including love, patience and persistence that makes it easier to overcome these challenges. In addition, these qualities determine the commitment of a spouse to build a strong base on the relationship (Gabriel 121). The next theme shown in the film focuses on obedience. It reflects the Christian view of obedience by explaining that if a person obeys God’s commands, he is likely to overcome any challenge in life that is thrown at him. For example, after the firefighter decided to trust in God by leaving his old habits like his addiction to pornography, he was able to appreciate and treat his wife with more love and respect and as a result, their marriage bond became stronger despite facing the challenge of losing their younger son to Cancer (Lynn and Mark 125). The next biblical principle illustrated in the film, is on how man has been ordered by God to love his wife. In the scene where the firefighter became a believer, he realized that he was peaceful and happy once he learned to appreciate and love his wife than in the past when he was always complaining and being moody to her. This shows that for him to experience God’s forgiveness, he had to take a step of loving his wife and abandoning his old gruesome ways of treating his wife. The film also illustrates the dynamic of family through the aspect of love and togetherness. For example, after the reconciliation of the married couple, they focus on loving their children by praying and convincing their older son to give his life to Jesus Christ in order to experience the same peace and happiness they felt (Catt 218). In addition, it shows that family is built on the strong foundation of marriage since the parents were able to focus more on their children when their marriage was reconciled than before when they were facing challenges (Douglas 142). Reference Anker, Roy M. Of Pilgrims and Fire: When God Shows Up at the Movies. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2010. Print. Catt, Michael C. The Power of Desperation: Breakthroughs in Our Brokenness. Nashville, Tenn: B H Pub. Group, 2009. Print. Connelly, Richard. Lost Art of Romance: How to Romance a Lady. S.l.: Trafford On Demand Pub, 2009. Print. Cowan, Douglas E. Sacred Terror: Religion and Horror on the Silver Screen. Waco, Tex: Baylor University Press, 2008. Print. Kendrick, Stephen. Holy Clues: The Gospel According to Sherlock Holmes. New York: Vintage Books, 2000. Print. Solomon, Stephannie E. R. Living with the King: Meditations That Teach, Transform and Transcend. S.l.: Authorhouse, 2009. Print. Suszek Lynne and Suszek Mark. First Wash the Inside. Nashville, U.S.A: Lockman Foundation, 2009. Print. Mckee, Gabriel. The Gospel According to Science Fiction: From the Twilight Zone to the Final Frontier. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2007. Print.

Ernest Hemingway and his significance of landscapes, from The Complete Short Stories.

Ernest Hemingway and his significance of landscapes, from The Complete Short Stories. This essay was written about the significance of landscape using his "Big Two Hearted River" and "Hills Like White Elephants."The Significance of LandscapeHemingway uses landscape to reflect his characters emotions and also as a secondary character in his stories. Two good examples of this are Hemingway's "Big Two Hearted River" and "Hills Like White Elephants."In "Big Two Hearted River," Nick was the only human character but the scenery definitely played a huge role. In the beginning of the story Hemingway describes an old town that had been burnt to ashes. "There was no town, nothing but the rails and the burned over country." (pg. 163) Leaving you with a sense of loneliness and despair, Hemingway uses this scenery to paint a picture of not only how the town looked but how the character must have felt. Throughout his hike toward the country, away from the burnt over town, the scenery had started to change and so did the mood.English: Hemingway posing for a dust jacket photo ..."The re was nothing but the pine plain ahead of him, until the far blue hills that marked the Lake Superior height of land." (pg. 164) Using the pine plain, and the blue hills to describe what's ahead, gives you a sense of relief, like there's a light at the end of the tunnel.Hemingway's use of old verses new allows you to feel a sense that when ever something dies, something is born, or when ever there is an end, there must be a new beginning. Hemingway describes the river and the woods as being the image of everything that is unblemished and whole. The closer he gets to the river, the closer to he gets to the serenity he had been searching for. "He sat on the...

Develop a Complete Student Code of Conduct

Develop a Complete Student Code of Conduct Many schools incorporate a student code of conduct that they expect their students to follow. It should mirror the overall mission and vision of the school. A well-written student code of conduct should be simple and cover basic expectations that each student should meet. It should entail the essential elements that if followed will lead to student success. In other words, it should serve as the blueprint that allows every student to succeed. A well-written student code of conduct is simple in nature including only the most critical expectations.   The needs and limiting factors in each school are different. As such, schools must develop and adopt a student code of conduct that is tailored to their specific needs.   Developing an authentic and meaningful student code of conduct should become a school-wide effort that involves school leaders, teachers, parents, students, and community members. Every stakeholder should have input as to what should be included in the student code of conduct. Providing others a voice leads to buy-in and gives the student code of conduct more authenticity. The student code of conduct should be evaluated every year and changed whenever it is necessary to fit the ever-shifting needs of the school community. Sample Student Code of Conduct While attending school during regular hours or during school-sponsored activities, students are expected to follow these basic rules, procedures, and expectations: Your first priority at school is to learn. Avoid distractions that interfere with or are counter-intuitive to that mission.Be in the assigned place with appropriate materials, ready to work at the designated time that class begins.Keep hands, feet, and objects to yourself and never intentionally harm another student.Use school appropriate language and behavior at all times while maintaining friendly and courteous behavior.Be polite and respectful to everyone including students, teachers, administrators, support staff, and visitors.Follow individual teacher instructions, class rules, and expectations at all times.Do not be a bully. If you see someone being bullied, intervene by telling them to stop or immediately report it to school personnel.Do not become a distraction for others. Give every other student the opportunity to maximize their potential. Encourage your fellow students. Never tear them down.School attendance and participation in class are an essential part of the education al process. Regular attendance at school is necessary for student success. Furthermore, it allows students to achieve the maximum possible benefits from their educational experience. All students are encouraged to be present and prompt. School attendance is the responsibility of both parents and students. Represent yourself in a manner that you will be proud of in ten years. You only get one opportunity to get life right. Take advantage of the opportunities you have at school. They will help you be successful throughout your life.

T0 what extent are law graduate denied access to the legal profession Essay

T0 what extent are law graduate denied access to the legal profession - Essay Example This implies that the students who somehow decide to adopt law as a profession have to face the acute financial crises (BAG, 2005). Complains received from these types of students shows that they are over stressed and lost the charm in their lives, because after working hard and sacrificing their time, they cannot even earn enough to pay their dues on time. Besides the dues problem, another important factor that influences the mindset of law students, is rareness of pupillage for the solicitors, they think if they cannot earn enough as a solicitor then who they can? And if they cannot, then what is the need to destroy their time and money. Inequalities that are present in the education system made worse by the law professionals along with the funding system introduced. Most of the cases decisions taken by the law profession are not satisfying the condition of equality and as a result the student who deserves is empty handed. In addition to this a trend is set that the student who comes from the private school becomes a barrister and the student from state school becomes a solicitor. Private school students think to be more worthy of getting the scholarships, whereas if the actual figures are considered then 57% of students belongs to private school said that they are fully supported by their families and 34% are dependent on the loans. While in case of state school students 66% students are dependent on the loans and remained supported by their families. But still the ratio of awarding scholarships is more to the private school students as compare to the state school students, despite the fact that they deserve (BAG, 2005). Competition is present betwixt all the professionals in their respective fields. The law professionals irrespective that they are barristers or solicitors they have to compete with each other in their professional careers. Now when they pay huge dues then they feel unsatisfactory not just because of the huge expenses and rivalry, but

Budget analysis of RDBS Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budget analysis of RDBS Corporation - Essay Example The essay discusses that a budget is a manuscript that translates plans into money. It is a financial plan where the estimation of expenditure and revenue is done. The budget is an estimate, forecast about what you will need in fiscal terms to do your work. The budget is the most important tool in the business. It is almost impossible to run a business without having the budget. Budgeting is the process of preparing the budget, where the operational plans are the plans for real work. At the time of budget preparation, trade-offs and prioritization with program are ought to be made to make sure that the budget fits government policies and priorities. The cost effective variants which should be the best option for the organization must be selected. At last, the means of rising operational efficiency, which is effective, must be sought. None of these can be fulfilled unless financial constraints are built into the course from the starting. Budgeting is very responsible and difficult job . So, all the companies always depend on the experts in the field for preparing the budget. Incremental budgeting is a budgeting method where the budget is organized using a preceding period’s budget or else actual performance as a foundation with incremental amounts added for the new budget period. In the incremental budgeting, the actual performance of the company in the last months is taken into consideration and appropriate changes will be made for better result in upcoming months. This budgeting method encourages the spending of money up to the budget. Benefits that can be Realized from a Budgetary Control System: Maximization of Profit: The budgetary control system has an aim at the maximization of profits of the project. To attain this objective, a suitable plan and co-ordination of various functions are to be conducted. There is appropriate control over a diverse capital and revenue expenditures. The available resources are put into the best uses. Co-Ordination: Bette r co-ordination always results better profits. The functioning of the various units and sectors is correctly co-ordinate as a result of budgetary control system. The co-ordination of different executives and subordinates is essential for attaining the targets as specified in budgets. Tool for Measuring Performance: By giving the specific aims to various departments, budgetary control acts as a tool for measuring performance of companies. The fixed targets are compared to actual achievements and deviations are taken into consideration. Economy: The setting up of expenses will be methodical and there will be optimum economy in spending. The money will be put to use on the best. The ultimate benefits will go to the nation and it will be a national profit. The national assets will be used cost-effectively and wastage will be reduced. Consciousness: The budgetary control system helps in creating budget consciousness among the employees. By setting up targets for the workers, the system t ries to make the employees responsible towards their jobs. Every person knows what he is anticipated to do and he can do his work without any interruption. Reduces Costs: Now days, the business is so competitive and the role of budgetary control is significant. All the businessmen try to diminish the cost of manufacturing and rising sales. They will try to have those perfect mixtures of products where profitability is at the maximum. â€Å"The budget process consists of activities that encompass the development, implementation, and evaluation of a plan for the provision of services and capital

Sales management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales management - Case Study Example We have invested heavily in the sales force training by partitioning the program into two sections i.e. the individual training via the podcasts and the group training at regional level. However, this motivation program has failed terribly when it comes to establishing the effectiveness of the podcasts and the staff in general. Also, in line with failing to establish the effectiveness, the podcasts are extremely high hence paralyzing our dreams of profit making. I’m humbly submitting that the budget to this current motivation program be revised to ensure maximization of our productivity lines. Our staff ought to be motivated in order to increase on their productivity. The costs of funding the program as indicated above will be generated from the returns that will accrue from our service delivery which we as a company are guaranteed. For effectiveness and efficiency, the proposed motivation program will be subjected to a series of evaluation schemes that will work on the motivation program’s productivity. Any constraints will be fixed on the early stages to avoid failure. This new proposed motivation program does not in any way intend to change the previous program but its main aim is to improve on the productivity of our service men. I would like to inform you that Sales Action Software will soon be making history through our new proposed motivation program that will generally work on the productivity of our workers and the company as a

International Business Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Practices - Essay Example The penetration of the company into the global market is facilitated by its market entry strategy which is licensing. When deciding to expand its market, Coca-cola sells a domestic firm the right to use the company's manufacturing process, trademark patent, trade secret, and other item of value for a fee or royalty. The organizational structure of Coca-cola is highly decentralized. The company does this by "cutting half of the staff at its Atlanta headquarters and moving the regional chieftains closer to their local market" (Organizational Structure 2003). This management structure is observed throughout the firm's international operation. In India, the managers have been given the authority to implement decision within their scope of responsibility. This type of organizational structure supports the primary market entry strategy of Coca-cola as discussed above. Since licensing involves little contact and interference with the licensee, the decentralized organizational structure is very conducive to Coca-cola. Dell, Inc. is one of the largest personal computer manufacturers in the world. The company was able establish in the global IT industry because of its very efficient market entry strategy. In capturing foreign markets, Dell directly invest in a country by developing foreign-based assembly or manufacturing facility.

Australia's Apparel Industry Analysis Research Paper

Australia's Apparel Industry Analysis - Research Paper Example The Australian apparel industry can be classified into menswear and womenswear market. In the menswear segment the total revenues in 2008 was $3524.4 million. The compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) during the period 2004-2008 was 3.9%. The total revenue generated by the apparel retail industry of Australia in 2008 was $12.8 billion with a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% during the period 2004 to 2008 (researchandmarkets, n.d.). The total number of apparel retailers in 2001 was 10,673 and they were distributed across Australia unequally depending on population density. The apparel retailers were mainly located in key cities like Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Melbourne. Victoria and New South Wales account for more than 80% turnover in in the textile, clothing and footwear segment (Ahern, 2004). Designer Wears: Australian designers are very well updated of the latest fashion trends in Europe, US and the local trends in Australia. They produce quality fashion products at competitive prices and some of them are also able to compete with international players. Designer wear particularly from Italy are highly respected and accepted by the Australians. Products from Italy usually cater to the premium segment since they are priced high and mainly include high end leather wears. The Australian apparel market like other western markets is highly fragmented or segmented. The segmentation is not only based on income but also on gender, body type, age and aesthetic preference. This result in the market being broken up into small national markets based on lifestyle. Moreover compared to other western countries Australians spend less on apparel because of the moderate climate and their casual lifestyle. Australians spend a large portion of their income on housing, communication equipment and transportation. The price reductions prompted by trade liberalization has reduced the share of apparels in household expenditure considerably in the past ten

English Technical Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Technical Writing - Assignment Example For example, in the customer service division, a secondary expert in divisional support for this area should grant recognition and approval that the activities associated with a job function are accurate and up-to-date on current role. If the organization is attempt to map out a step-by-step procedure manual for a technology support function, expertise in systems training and development should be consulted as a primary resource to support the job role claims. Procedure manuals can be developed for virtually any industry and be built to describe the functions of a variety of job functions. In an academic environment, these manuals can identify meeting protocol for executives associated with corporate policy or those outlined by senior decision-makers that govern knowledge and education. Either internally or externally, some form of consulting expert should give final approvals for the step-by-step guide or improve on what has been inferred from existing data. Mapping is part of the p lanning process and the actual gathering of support materials to assist in drawing a job or functional map of a system.

International Business Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Practices - Essay Example The penetration of the company into the global market is facilitated by its market entry strategy which is licensing. When deciding to expand its market, Coca-cola sells a domestic firm the right to use the company's manufacturing process, trademark patent, trade secret, and other item of value for a fee or royalty. The organizational structure of Coca-cola is highly decentralized. The company does this by "cutting half of the staff at its Atlanta headquarters and moving the regional chieftains closer to their local market" (Organizational Structure 2003). This management structure is observed throughout the firm's international operation. In India, the managers have been given the authority to implement decision within their scope of responsibility. This type of organizational structure supports the primary market entry strategy of Coca-cola as discussed above. Since licensing involves little contact and interference with the licensee, the decentralized organizational structure is very conducive to Coca-cola. Dell, Inc. is one of the largest personal computer manufacturers in the world. The company was able establish in the global IT industry because of its very efficient market entry strategy. In capturing foreign markets, Dell directly invest in a country by developing foreign-based assembly or manufacturing facility.

English Technical Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English Technical Writing - Assignment Example For example, in the customer service division, a secondary expert in divisional support for this area should grant recognition and approval that the activities associated with a job function are accurate and up-to-date on current role. If the organization is attempt to map out a step-by-step procedure manual for a technology support function, expertise in systems training and development should be consulted as a primary resource to support the job role claims. Procedure manuals can be developed for virtually any industry and be built to describe the functions of a variety of job functions. In an academic environment, these manuals can identify meeting protocol for executives associated with corporate policy or those outlined by senior decision-makers that govern knowledge and education. Either internally or externally, some form of consulting expert should give final approvals for the step-by-step guide or improve on what has been inferred from existing data. Mapping is part of the p lanning process and the actual gathering of support materials to assist in drawing a job or functional map of a system.

Money and Morality Essay Example for Free

Money and Morality Essay MONEY AND MORALITY: Gifts of eternal truth in moments of the mundane By Cheryl Leis, PhD, Management Consultant/Practical Philosopher As inhabitants of this 21st century Western world, we all have to deal with money. We participate in the world of commerce as a means to obtain those things considered necessities of life. Money plays the role of the most commonly accepted means in this giving and getting from others. And the more money one has, the greater one’s power to regulate the particulars of survival – one’s own and that of others. We use money to participate in the exchange of products or services, individually and corporately – whether employed by or leading an organization. In some cases these organizations are publicly funded non-profits, and in other cases they are private, for-profit ventures. Money and morality is a topic that has surfaced on many occasions in my line of work. One such instance was during a contract with CBC TV to work on the development of a six-part national series titled: â€Å"Beautiful, Filthy Money and the Search for Soul. † The title itself speaks to the ambivalent nature of our responses to money and its presence in our lives. As part of the contract, I appeared as a guest on the panel, where I was asked to complete the following sentence: â€Å"Money is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Yes, what is money? My response was: Money is a tool for finding out who we really are. What you do with money, and how you live with money’s presence in your life, tells a lot about your values. Or, as Ralph Waldo Emerson puts it: â€Å"A dollar is not value, but representative of value, and, at last, of moral values. † This is apparently pretty close to what Buddhists believe about money. There are times when many of us are faced with an imbalance between money and morality and find ourselves asking in some form or another: How we can put â€Å"Money† and â€Å"Morality† in the same sentence and not end up with an ethical contradiction? The incompatibility of these Mwords is an inherent, yet complex part of being human. And it is only when we face the truth of their incompatibility that we can come to understand the utter necessity of their coexistence. The challenge stems from the fact that there is both a spiritual side and a material side to our situation. When we don’t bring the spiritual side into dialogue with the material side, problems result. This is true for individuals as well as organizations. Think about Enron – what do you think their way of dealing with money says about the moral values that guided senior management there? Each of us could turn the question on our own lives. Money, in and of itself, is neutral. It has no intrinsic value, but is a mere yardstick of value, a means of measuring or comparing in the exchange of one thing for another. Money â€Å"belongs to the class of great mental inventions, known as 1 measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Measures of distance – the meter or mile – span the gulf between two things or places yet are not themselves things or places. Similarly, money brings things of different value together without becoming one or the other. † Because money is merely a way of measuring, it is in itself, therefore, not real. Thus, money is both neutral and unreal. Nevertheless, we often seem oblivious to this unreal nature of money and equate it with things that are very real, like our own values. But if, as Aristotle says, â€Å"[a]ll things that are exchanged 2 must be somehow comparable,† what are we saying about our perception of reality when we measure our sense of self-worth by our net-worth? While money is a measure of value, that value can change depending on what the market is willing to bear. It’s rather similar to the story of the emperor’s new clothes. As soon as we agree something no longer has value, our whole perception of it changes. This change in the perception of the value of something affects humans psychologically and emotionally. So when the value of stocks falls through the floor, people react in fear or paranoia. Conversely, when stocks rise like crazy, there is frenzy fuelled by hope and even greed. What then, motivates our relationship with money? With what intention do we strive to accumulate wealth? Do we recognize what our relationship with money says about our values? Money Obsessing For some the question of ethics and money leads down another path. In â€Å"Is Lucre Really 3 that Filthy? † Craig Cox, executive editor of Utne magazine, reflects on his own journey from disdain for the almighty dollar as a child of the 60s to becoming – of all things – â€Å"bourgeios,† earning money and learning to manage it. There was the example by a leading voice of the counter-culture of the day, Allen Ginsberg, who wrote in Howl! of burning all his money in a wastebasket. Times have changed – even for Ginsberg, 1. David Appelbaum, â€Å"Money and the City,† Parabola, Volume XVI, No. 1 (Spring 1991), 40. 2. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1133a 18. 3. Craig Cox, â€Å"Is Lucre Really That Filthy,† Utne Reader (July-August, 2003), 63. who â€Å"†¦of course, sold his papers to Stanford University for 4 nearly a million bucks. † The irony, points out Cox, is that social justice activists who want to eschew wealth in order to bring about social justice and help the poor are in fact helping people to attain the very thing they, the activists, abhor: a comfortable life. He sets up an interesting dilemma when he insists that â€Å"If you insist on embracing poverty in your own life, how do you become a credible advocate for folks who would do almost anything to 5 escape it? † True enough, there are those who become enslaved to money in their attachment to mere accumulation of more and more capital. However, there are also those who are enslaved to money in their ascetic avoidance of it. Both are obsessive behaviours: obsessed with having money or obsessed with avoiding it – like the alcoholic’s family that is obsessed with avoiding alcohol. In neither case is money at the service of the individual as a means of providing for the necessities of life; rather, the individual is at the service of money. Our emotional responses to this neutral thing called money often lead to an automatic attachment of value-statements. We grab on to labels such as â€Å"evil,† â€Å"bewitching,† â€Å"aweinspiring,† or â€Å"filthy lucre. † Respect for money is replaced with either worship or condemnation of it. Emotional and value-laden responses are also evident when conversation turns towards money and self-righteous posturing rises very quickly to the surface with comments like: â€Å"Well, I don’t soil my hands with money. † Or: â€Å"I certainly don’t 4. Ibid 5. Ibid work for money. † A lot of judging of others happens: â€Å"He’s just in it for the money. † Or: â€Å"She’d do anything for money. † This judgmental posturing also leads to ideological positioning. Anyone who focuses on making money is immediately dubbed a capitalist and conversely, anyone who speaks of communal sharing is dubbed a socialist. Subtleties are lost and conversation ends right there. No dialogue is possible. We move from love of money to love of ideology, where anyone who thinks differently than I do about money is immediately evil. Spiritual Moments of Mundane Existence To judge from one side or the other is to forget that we inherently have one foot in heaven and one foot in the mud of the earth below. The challenge is to live in both simultaneously. Living as a human being means learning to deal with money – whether one has a lot or a little matters not. It will do us no good to merely pursue a spiritual life unless we are living equally and simultaneously in the material world. Christians are exhorted to remember that even Bishops, or spiritual leaders, are told to balance both. â€Å"For if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how can he take care of God’s church? † (1 Timothy 3:5) A life of wholeness, or one in which the spiritual and the material are in balance, guarantees freedom from distortion. Yet the need for wholeness is also at the heart of the contradiction. The spiritual and the material are of entirely different natures. Not only must they live in the same world, both the spiritual and the human sides of our existence must also have 2 their own identity and remain in full relationship with each other. We have to work at accepting this incompatibility for what it is. These are separate parts of who we are and of our daily existence. These separate parts are in a dynamic relationship one to the other, like notes in a beautiful song: you might have harmony, but you still have separate notes. If they are all the same note, there is not harmony, there is unison. Harmony has tension. It is beautiful because of the tension. Unison is nice, but harmony is richer. Morality And Business Just as it will not help us on an individual level to focus only on the one side of our nature at the expense of the other, likewise it will not help to divide our culture into the spirit-lead and others. It reminds me of a story I recently heard: Two men met for the first time, in of all places, a church on a Sunday morning. The one asked the other: â€Å"So what do you do? † To which the second responded: â€Å"I work as a director of XYZ division of a business. † â€Å"You’re in business? † quipped the first, who was a teacher, â€Å"Oh that’s too bad. † The work of the businessman was seen as inherently less worthy. How far could the conversation go after that? It is a difficult chasm. One finds a classic case of a religious-affiliated venture that refused to acknowledge that it must run itself like a business. After decades of mismanagement, the publishing house cried out to its constituency to get it out of a multi-million debt. One former board member was even quoted in a church publication as saying that this was seen as â€Å"a church venture, not a business venture. † The mistake lay in this eitheror posture. There was no acknowledgment that gifts and talents and skills of different sorts were needed. The disdain goes the other way too. One has only to think of the now infamous corporations like Enron or Livenet, where the situation is merely the reverse: a business enterprise that lacks spiritual sense, and results in moral bankruptcy. If our moral principles give us the framework within which we operate and the ability to continue operating depends upon financial viability, then integrity is automatically lost for any organization when either half of the morality and money equation is lost. Balancing the Equation Only when we pay attention and only when we come to recognize the true place and role we have allowed money in our lives, only then can we possibly hope to reach a deeper understanding of how important a balance between the material and the spiritual is. This deeper understanding may only come in flashes, only fleetingly. Yet the truth that is understood in an instant opens us up to the truth of our everyday actions and existence. In other words, we must become conscious, we must become aware of our human condition – this life lived in a dynamic balance between the spiritual and the material – and be attentive to both. But instead of giving the right amount of attention to those mundane and material aspects of life like taxes and monetary demands put upon us, we often get caught in a bias against money. We would rather point fingers and condemn in broad strokes than engage in dialogue of particular money matters. We would rather alienate than seek to understand. Instead of casting judgment or pretending we, personally, are above being affected by money, we need to face our human situation and recognize we live in two worlds simultaneously. Maybe then we would do a better job of living in both. â€Å"If great truth does not enter into our relation to money, it cannot 6 enter our lives. † And if we do not allow ourselves to face that truth, the negative aspects of our relationship to money will sneak up on us unawares. Bad debts, overdue bills, or an empty fridge will suddenly demand so much of our human attention that we will have no energy left to focus on matters of the spirit. Undeniably, it can be a challenge to live out our moral principles in the marketplace; it is inherent in the challenge of being spiritual and human at the same time. Not giving enough attention to either the spiritual or the material, on an individual or an organizational level, leads to bankruptcy, whether moral or financial. In his book, Business and the Buddha, Dr. Lloyd Field states, â€Å"greed is a choice. † We can choose to allow our insatiable desires to form our intentions or we can choose to recognize where our intentions are ultimately leading us. It is not money or wealth or even the capitalist system that is the problem, he argues. Buddhists regard wealth as neither bad nor negative. Rather, the problem sits plainly with us, human beings, and the intentions which we allow to motivate our thoughts, our emotions and our actions. It cannot be stated any clearer than said in this book: we are exhorted to â€Å"continually make the connection between money and human values. † And then the question that really gets to the heart of the matter: â€Å"What price do we put on our ethics? † We will need to move past our biases and disdain for those whom we consider to be on the other side of the money and morality equation and allow moments of eternal truth and even grace to infiltrate our discussions and our questions. When all gifts and skills are welcome and when integrity is our priority, then there will be the possibility of a true and dynamic relationship between money matters and morality. 6. Needleman, 265.

The Process Of Hematopoiesis And How Its Controlled Biology Essay

The Process Of Hematopoiesis And How Its Controlled Biology Essay In humoral mediated response of the immune system, the clonal proliferation results into antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B-cells. The primary response has a lag of about 5-7 days during which the B-cells becomes activated by the antigen and T-helper cells. During the lag period, differentiation and proliferation of B-cells takes place into plasma cells. Antibody level begins to increase and reaches its peak at about day 14 and the drop begins once the plasma cells die. In the secondary response, clonal expansion of memory B-cells takes place and the antibody levels are much higher. These memory cells respond more rapidly to the antigen. Moreover, since many memory cells are present for the primary response, the number of plasma cells generated are more in the secondary response and the antibody levels are higher [2].   3.Briefly describe the functions of the following cells of the immune system; dendritic cells; macrophages; neutrophils; T helper cells. Ans) Dendritic Cell These cells resemble the dendrites of the nerve cells and have a long membrane extensions. They can be either present on the epidermis (skin) and mucous membranes (langehans cell) ; heart , lungs, kidney, GI tract (interstital dendritic cell) ; T-cell are of secondary lymphoid and thymic medulla ( Interdigitating dendritic cell) and in blood and lymph (circulating dendritic cell). They represent high levels of class II MHC molecules. Dendritic cells are APCs. They engulf the antigen by phagocytosis/endocytosis and carry it to the various lymphoid organs where they represent the antigen to T lymphocytes [2].    Macrophages They arise from monocytes. It functions as a scavenger that ingest debris, damaged and dying cells as well as foreign organism. They either contain class II MHC molecules or the co-stimulatory B7 membrane molecules. Once the foreign organism is inside the macrophage, they are either killed by lysosomal enzymes or by O2 free radicals which is released by phagosomes[1].   Neutrophils They are active phagocytic cells and always reach the site of inflammation. The foreign body is killed by the various lytic and bactericidal substances which are present within the primary and secondary granules. They employ both O2 dependent and O2 independent pathway to generate antimicrobial substances. It is better than macrophage since they exhibit larger respiratory burst and express higher level of defensins [2].   T-helper cells-   T-cells are formed in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus. There are two types of T-cells- TH and TC .TH cells have CD4 whereas TC has CD8. The TH cells gets activated when the cell recognizes and interacts with an antigen. After it is activated, it forms into an effector cell and secretes growth factors known as cytokines. These cytokines play an important role in activating B cells, Tc cells, macrophages and elicits an immune response. Different types of immune response occurs due to different types of cytokines[2].   4) What are the two fundamental approaches to drug discovery? Ans) The two approaches to drug discovery are rational drug design and molecular diversity. Rational drug design The drugs work in the body by interacting with the receptor and they alter the activities in such a way that it brings about a betterment of the body. This method uses the information about structure of the drug receptor or create a candidate drug. The 3-D structure of the protein can be determined using methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The researchers in the pharmaceutical industry can use whatever information is available on the databases and find a chemical compound which can react with the receptor and can be tested in the labs. If the interacting compound cannot be found then other programmes can be used to find the compounds with similar properties to known ligands. This method is done to avoid the expenses. The first drug produced by this method is Relenza which is used to treat influenza. The other drugs developed to treat HIV infections are Ritonivir and Indinavir [3]. Molecular diversity The strategy applied in molecular diversity is the isolation of bioactive molecules molecular libraries such as nucleic acids, amino acids and small organic molecules. The main goal is to isolate molecules from libraries of chemical compounds or proteins and study the structure or shape of their target with the binding with affinity and specificity. The anti-inflammatory mAb Humira is a biolgic isolated from molecular diversity.   5. How does the flu virus infect cells? Give a brief overview of how the flu drug relenza was discovered. (Note :   Relenza is not as biologic but a small molecule drug). Ans) Influenza viral particles are surrounded by an outer envelope a lipid bilayer which they acquire from the plasma membrane of the infected host cell during the process by budding. In the envelope the two glycoproteins which are present are Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA is responsible for attaching the virus to the host cell. HA is a trimer and it binds to the sialic acid groups on host cell glycoproteins and glycolipids by conserving the amino acid sequence to form a small groove in the HA molecule. Neuraminidase cleaves N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid from the viral glycoproteins and the host cell membrane glycoproteins. This facilitates viral budding from the infected host cell. Once the virus is inside the host cell, the HA binds to the walls of the endosome (acidic nature) because of which the viral coating collapses. Within the envelope, matrix protein surrounds the nucleocapsid   which consist of 8 different strands of single stranded (ssRNA) and are ass ociated with protein and RNA polymerase. Once inside the cell, the RNA strand encodes one or more different influenza proteins. Many copies of the virus are made in the nucleus and then it moves to the cytoplasm to form viral proteins including HA and NA. The new viruses which are formed move out of the cell by forming buds and moving out against the plasma membrane[2].   Relenza This drug is created by using rational design. The discovery was funded by the Australian biotech company Biota. The structure of neuraminidase was known by X-ray crystallography. A competitive inhibitor which is a sialic acid analogue, is an inhibitor of neuraminidase. The general function of neuraminidase is that it cleaves sialic acid from the virus and the cell surface and prevent clumping and allows the virus to spread to other cells. Relenza induces clumping and reduces viral spreading. 6.What is meant by pharmacogenomics and how might pharmacogenomics be applied to drug development in the future? What is an example of a biologic where patient genetic profiling is used to evaluate the suitability of the patient for therapy? Ans) Pharmacogenomic is the study of the roles of genetic variation in the response to drugs. It includes information from genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and other disciplines such as biochemistry and toxicology in order to synthesize newer and safer drugs. As the sequences of all our genes and the protein they encode for are determined, this will reveal many new targets for drug actions. It also reveals polymorphism of enzymes and proteins related to drug metabolism, action and toxicity DNA probes which are capable of detecting them will be synthesized, permitting screening of individuals for potentially harmful polymorphism prior to the start of the therapy. As the structures of relevant proteins and their polymorphism are revealed, model building and other technique will permit the design of drugs that take into account both the normal protein targets and their polymorphism. In simple words, the drugs will be tailor-made for individuals based on their genetic profiles[4]. Th is is the application of pharmacogenomics in drug development. The example where genetic profiling is used to evaluate the suitability of the patient is ERBB2 is a 185 kDa tyrosine kinase receptor over expressed in approximately 25-30% of human breast cancer .   7. Give an example where over expression of a cytokine results in a disease state. What biologics, if any, have been developed to treat this disease state? Ans)   Rheumatoid arthritis is a an inflammatory disease. The major symptom is chronic inflammation of the joints including shoulders, ankles, elbows and knees. It is characterized by the inflammation of the synovium along with the the destruction of the joint cartilage and bone. The over expression of cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, IL-8, IFN ÃŽ ³ have been detected in the synovial fluid. Cytokines such as TNF activate the synovial cells which produce proteolytic enzyme such as collagenase which leads to the destruction of tendons, ligaments and cartilage. The cytokines are produced due to the activity of T cell and macrophage activation.   A number of biologics have been approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis[5]. They are cimzia, enbrel, humira, kineret, orencia, remicade, rituxan and simponi[6].    Rituxan Rituximab is sold under the trade name Rituxan. Rituxan is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20 which is found on the surface of B cells. Rituxan when given in combination with methotrexate is given to adult patients with minor to acute conditions who had an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonist therapies. The side effect of rituxan is that patients show hypertension, nausea, upper respiratory tract infection, pyrexia etc.[7] .   8. Interferons are used as biologics to treat viral infections. How does interferon induce the anti-viral state in cells? Ans) Interferons are antiviral and show their effect in a signaling pathway. There are two types of interferons, type I and type II. IFN-I is produced by cells under appropriate conditions including IFN-ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ². IFN-II are produced by a few number of cells such as NK cells, T-helper cells and dendritic cells. IFN-II includes IFN-ÃŽ ³. IFN-I plays an important role in the innate antiviral response. IFN-ÃŽ ±/ÃŽ ²is responsible for inducing the anti-viral activity by binding to IFN receptor on the cell surface, which leads to activation of receptor-associated JAKs (Janus Kinase) such as JAK-1 and TYK-2. This activates the STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcription) due to phosphorylation which leads to the formation of ISG factor (ISGF)-3 complex which consists of STAT-1 and -2 and p48. After phosphorylation at Tyr701 and 692 of IFN receptors by IFN-1, STAT-1, and -2, there is formation of a heterodimer which translocates to the nucleus and forms an association with p48(I RF-9).   The complex (STAT-1 and -2 and IRF-9) is called as ISGF-3 and it associates with ISREs to activate ISGs. The 3 antiviral proteins involved in IFN-mediated inhibition of virus infection are : 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Rnase L pathway which degrades viral RNAs and then activates dsRNA. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PKR inhibits mRNA translation by phosphorylating translation initiation factor 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mx proteins possessing GTPase activity which restricts virus infection at many stages such as primary transcription, transcription and intracellular trafficking of viral proteins or genomes. Thus, interferons induce the anti-viral state in cells[8].

A Literary Analysis of Robert Cormiers The Chocolate War Essay

A Literary Analysis of Robert Cormier's "The Chocolate War" The Chocolate War is a story which takes place in New England in the 1970's. Most of the events happen in a Catholic school. Since this school was exclusively for boys, they were constantly trying to prove their power over each other. The story is told in third person omniscient. The story's mood is suspenseful. With each page turn one wonders if Jerry will take or refuse his chocolates. The protagonist of this story is Jerry Renault and the antagonist in Archie Costello. Jerry is a very quiet fifteen year old boy. He is also the quarterback for the Trinity High junior varsity football team. He is a very troubled individual due to his mother's death. He appears to be angry toward the whole world. Jerry is very ordinary and wants more change in his life instead of the same old thing. Archie Costello is 17 year old boy who is a member of the high school's very prestigious club called The Vigils. Archie is the "assignment giver". He gives assignments to the younger class men to do very mischievous things; for example, loosening all screws on desk chairs and chalkboards so that they will fall apart when students and teachers touch them. Archie is very clever and conniving. Many other characters contribute to the excitement of this story. Obie, another member of The Vigils, is Archie's sidekick. He helps Archie carry out all of his assignments. Obie has hostile feelings towards Archie because Archie gets all the glory while Obie does all the hard work. Obie is very soft spoken; he will not speak out against Archie about his anger. Brother Leon is the assistant headmaster of Trinity High School. He is very evil and... ... his groin but tries to defend himself. This is against the rules. After this a "free for all" begins. The lights are turned off by Brother Jacques, who is trying to stop all the madness. The story ends as Jerry is lying almost unconscious in his friend Goober's arms. Archie is taking pleasure in the whole scene, and Brother Leon is standing alone, watching this whole production as the ambulance draws near. The theme of The Chocolate War would have to be, being a nonconformist can make you an outcast by most people, and it can sometimes even bring harm to you. But if you are being a nonconformist with good reason, then you have to be willing to take the abuse. In Jerry's case it almost got him killed, and he still could not understand everyone's cruelty; but he knew that what he was doing was right in his heart.

Neuron Conduction :: physics science

Introduction During a thunderstorm in 1786, Luigi Galvani touched a frogà ¢s leg with a metal instrument and noticed the muscles twitching. He concluded that the storm had generated electricity, which conducted through the frogà ¢s nerves and caused the muscles to contract. Nerves do transmit impulses from one part of the body to another, but in a different way than in an ordinary conductor. The electrical properties are different in neural conduction because it is slower and does not very in strength (it is a all-or-nothing conduction). A nerve cell (neuron) is the basic building block of the nervous system and is specialized to transmit information. It consists of a cell body and two types of branchlike fibers, dendrites and axons (top of Figure 1). Dendrites, along the cell body, receive information in the form of stimuli from sensory receptors or from other nerve cells. The axon is a long, thin cellular extension responsible for transmitting information to other nerve cells, and is filled with a viscous intracellular fluid called the axoplasm. If stimuli received by the dendrites or the cell body is above the cellà ¢s intensity threshold, a nerve impulse is initiated which propagates along the axon. It flows along the axon away from the cell body toward the terminal branches. Once a nerve impulse reaches the terminal branches, neurotransmitter substances release, conveying the impulse to receptors on the next cell. The Resting Potential of the Nerve Cell Critical to the function of the nerve cell, the cell membrane maintains intracellular conditions that differ from those of the extracellular environment. There is an excess of negative ions inside the cell membrane and an excess of positive ions outside (middle of Figure 1). The electrochemical gradient across the membrane is the means of nerve impulse transmission. The concentration of potassium (K+) is 30 times greater in the fluid inside the cell than outside and the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is nearly 10 times greater in the fluid outside the cell than inside (See Table 1). Anions, particularly chloride (Cl--), are also unevenly distributed. Nerve cells use both passive diffusion and active transport to maintain these differentials across their cell membranes. The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ is established by an energy-dependant Na+-K+ à £pumpà ¤, moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Specialized proteins embedded in the nerve cell membrane function a s voltage-dependant channels, passing through Na+ and K+ during nerve impulse transmission.

Women fashion 1930’s

Due to the crash of the Wall Street on October 24th 1929 many people thought that fashion was going to be crippled, but thankfully fashion continued and grew over the years. 2. After the crash women had to sew and mend their own cloths. Due to this women who had great sewing skills began copying magazines and the latest fashion. This action was the of starts of necklines lowering, and skirts were being designed with greater detail 3. The style of the sass's began with clothing that was elegant and botfly feminine. . The cloche hats of the ass's were replaced by hats with brims worn over the right eye at an angle, berets, and pillboxes. 5. Pillboxes are hats that women wore at an angle. Pillboxes where created in the thirties, and were designed in the shape of a square to fit right on top of the head 6. Women were designing skirts with a v-necked shape extending from one hip to the other on the upper part of the skirt; this design was called a yoke. 7. Skirts were beginning to have a ruffed look and were beginning to become layered.Women's skirts were beginning to be filled with many gatherings and pleats at the very bottom as well. 8. A material that was very popular was fur. If a woman wanted fur and she had the money for it than she got fur. Many different types of fur were worn both during the day and at night. 9. Some different fur products such as fur â€Å"scarves† (a whole pelt with feet, head, and tail all together, were worn over the shoulder or carried in arms), capes, trimmings adoring dresses, and coats uses furs or pelts.Those furs or pelts come from animals such as a mink, abbot, fox, lamb, wolf, stable, and chinchilla. Or any animal fur from trapping or hunting. 10. During the sass's the hand bags were very similar to the hand bags of the sass's. The bags were beaded and enameled meshed, but during the ass's leather hand bags had started to become popular. 11. A day dress had a bodice that could be draped with shaped shoulders or bloused. The dresses were slender with the waist lightly defined and an easy fitted vertical line. 12. During the sass's a lot of different shoe styles.Thick rounded toes; pumps; wide heels; flats; ankle straps with moderate heels; lace-up; slip-ones; buckles; and two-toned spectators. 13. Women adapted Hollywood fashion with what they saw in movies. The Hollywood fashion was especially adapted into evening wear. 14. The hemline of skirts and dresses were in a tug-of-war between how many inches from the ankles the hemline was allowed to be. At the end of the decade skirts were shortened and no longer in a tug-of-war. 15. The Art deco movement heavily influenced fashion in the early ass's.Some popular motifs were exotic, floral, geometric, abstract, and Middle Eastern. 16. Dresses were made of natural fibers (sometimes linen, mostly cotton, wool, and silk), acetate fabric, and rayon. 17. In 1933 American tennis player Alice marble, was the first to publicly wear shorts. By 1934 sports cloths were frequently being worn. Women's sportswear developed into wide legged mid-thigh shorts, beach pajamas, culottes, halters, tanks, plaudits, skirted bathing suits, middy blouses, wide legged sailor slacks, and sport suits. 18.A new type of dress that also appeared in 1934 was the â€Å"Hoovers†. These dresses were made of cotton, tied, and wrapped around the back. 19. In 1937 business women found favor with suits. Wearing a suit made people take women more seriously when their attire is a more masculine form off dress. 20. When women started wearing suits a new style of Jacket was created to go with their dresses. The Jacket was shorter and went to the waist, had high pockets or yoke trims. The Jacket also had with it a shawl or tuxedo collar, and elbow length sleeves to go over their dress.

A Critique of Theoretical Models

In How to help people change, Dr. Jay Adams (1986) does not present a model of counseling per se. Instead, he provides an analysis, better yet and interpretation 2 Timothy 3:16. The interpretation is presented definitively as the sole method of acceptable counseling from a Christian and biblical context. One major flaw in his work is the underlying theological presupposition that only Christian people utilizing the framework he outlines can offer a process for counseling that results in what he calls acceptable change. Another unreasonable position held by Adams is the idea that change is only acceptable if it is â€Å"toward God† (p. 6).While this is certainly true in regards to salvation and the biblical directive to be a living sacrifice before God (NASB, Romans 12:1), even Jesus acknowledged that both the righteous and the unrighteous live under some measure of God’s grace and benefit (Matthew 5:45). It is unsustainable to hold a position that unredeemed persons are not able to observe God’s purpose and design in humanity and offer some level of help, in the context of counseling, even if it is not totally in alignment with God’s Word. I admire Adams stance and value on Scripture.In his book, he presents a view of the Bible that is an essential inhabitant of the Judeo-Christian worldview and value system. Nevertheless, he does not allow for elements of God’s truth to be discovered or evaluated from a perspective outside of the pages of Scripture. Adams says that â€Å"if it is a truth that is necessary to counseling, it will be found already in a purer form in the Bible† (p. 39). Honestly, one nearly has to reject intellectual credibility to formulate this type of statement because the Bible simply does not address a lot of issues tackled in the therapeutic sessions today.I wonder what would be Adam’s solution for a client’s disorderly and unrestrained sexual addictive behavior. The first solution woul d be to direct them to the Bible verses that as a Christian, they already know. Another solution would be to remind them that they should be reading the Bible and praying more than ever. In reality, if neither of those approaches work, then the nouthetic counseling approach would conclude that a person is one whom God has turned over to their own â€Å"degrading passions† (NASB, Romans 1: 26) thus breaking fellowship with them.Logically, one could see and would reason that sexual addictive behavior is rooted in an intimacy disorder, therefore once that is understood, biblical principles and theological understandings should under-gird the counselor’s approach to helping a counselee work towards healthy healing with the dilemma. According to Adams (1986), â€Å"†¦people must first hear the gospel, believe, and be saved† (p. 12). Seriously, this cannot be the first step in a counseling model. I believe that it would be a desired goal and that it could even be the best.Conversely, the counselor must meet a person where he or she is in life. Furthermore, it may be that a therapeutic relationship of trust must be built before the counselor even has an opportunity to introduce the idea of a relationship with Christ. In addition, even though it sounds unspiritual to say, the counselor must accept that some people are able to adjust and live well as non-Christian persons. They may not end up going to Heaven, but we cannot deny that some non-Christians live seemingly fulfilled lives.Dr. William Backus and Marie Chapian (2000) offer a good biblically based cognitive-behavior resource for dealing with feeling based concerns where cognitive awareness exists or is readily accessible in their book Telling Yourself the Truth. In addition, this writing provides a good dialogue about a Christian perspective concerning a person’s self-worth. However, there are some basic flaws in the model of Christian counseling as presented by Backus and Chapi an.It is not acceptable to present the concept of â€Å"attitude† as if it only involves cognition (p. 16). In addition, Backus and Chapian offers a very simplistic understanding regarding triggers. It is doubtful that a counselor who works with persons involved in addictive behavior and sexual brokenness concerns would agree with Backus and Chapian’s etiology of self-hate. The most troublesome aspect of this model is their idea that â€Å"misbeliefs are the direct cause of emotional turmoil and maladaptive behavior† (p. 17).This statement alone demonstrates that Backus and Chapian do not understand developmental processes and that their perception concerning the impending impact of childhood experiences is feeble, at best. It is almost an absurdity to conclude that the primordial mental representations, including feelings, which are the basis for the characterological development of a person, language and socialization, are â€Å"caused by what we tell ourselv es about our circumstances† (p. 17). Even with such flaws, it is agreed that Backus and Chapian’s model is useful in a cognitive-behavioral context concerning many adult concerns.In positioning their model of counseling as more appropriate than secular methods, Backus and Chapian state that â€Å"many excellent scientific investigations have demonstrated that it is entirely unnecessary to uncover the childhood antecedents of current behaviors in order to change them† (p. 25). However, there was no citation or reference provided to document existence of such scientific studies. Consistent with Adams, Backus and Chapian ascribe to the theological position that â€Å"Jesus taught that the truth has freeing power† (p. 181).However, Jesus actually said, â€Å"You shall know the Truth and the Truth shall set you free† (NASB, John 8:32). While Jesus was referring to His spoken word, it is also important to remember that according to John 1:1, Jesus is the Word and the context of John 8:32 presents Jesus as the light of the world. Both writings overemphasize the importance of the Word of God to the point of minimizing the importance of a relationship with Jesus. Backus and Chapian’s model, as does Adams’ models, fall short in a range of areas with scores of rationales.One area where the two counseling models are inadequate is in working with trauma-based concerns. There is no consideration for fear-based trauma memories resulting in cynical planning which bypasses cognitive function. Further there is no consideration in either counseling model for understanding concerns where the etiology of a problem is rooted in an attachment disorder. Of course cognitive-behavioral methods are appropriate in dealing with such concerns. However, it is inadequate to conclude that the sole method of treating attachment pathology is a focused effort towards changing one’s thinking process.It is interesting that neither Adams nor Ba ckus attempted to provide a framework for personality organization when presenting their counseling model. Rather, they both expend a great deal of effort in standing against the writings and views of others. It would be desirable that evangelical authors would stop writing about what everyone in the Psychology field is doing wrong. Instead, it would be helpful to develop a theory or model of personality and counseling that all Christian persons could work towards maturing and developing.It seems wasteful to continue presenting emotionally charged views against others at the expense of building our own Christian understandings. References Adams, J. E. (1986). How to help people change: The four-step biblical process. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Backus, W. & Chapian, M. (2000). Telling yourself the truth: Find your way out of depression, anxiety, fear, anger, and other common problems by applying the principles of misbelieve therapy. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers.