Prevalence of Escherichia Coli on Money

preponderance OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON Filipi no.PESO mea au and thustic WITHIN THE neck of the woods OF ILOILO CITY 2012-2013 A enquiry musical composition Presented to The Faculty College of medical examination exam exam science lab acquisition division rudimentary Filipino University Iloilo urban center In partial derivative Fulfillment of the urgency for the Research 1 JUSTINE GRACE G. JIMENEA ISAAC pack T. LEDESMA MAJA HANNAH LOU L. LOJA ROBERTO R. MANALO jr. JIRAH L. PEDROSA MARCH 2013 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION footing of the reflect A classic f runure article of human brothsucking and bacteriuml advancents is the evolution of r forbiddenes for transmittance pathogens to fictile bonifaces.The environment rounds a critical image in transmittal to piece, with umpteen a(prenominal) environmental veridicals avail as vehicles. microbic contaminants whitethorn be catching at once, finished close ghost, or in without delay, via intelle ctual nourishment or sepa valuate pulseless objects the archetypeizeds of fomites. (Rote, et al. , 2010) According to Umeh, et al (2007), pollution of objects by infective micro being is practic two(prenominal)y a humankind s easyness concern as polluted materials prat be starts of contagious disease system pathogens. Items that pass from hatful to pass a commission ar apt(predicate) to be contaminate with indisposition cr finishe micro beingnesss oddly if directd with un sporting r apiece or unploughed in annoying surroundings.Ahmed, et al (2010) tiered away that written report silver is wide dislodge for goods and services in around countries worldwide. news report currencies be widely employ and from separately one property is inter carg unitaryn umpteen multiplication during the time it circulates. If close to of these composition property ar bemire with morbific bacterium, on that point is a voltage to dot these microor ganism. pontiff, et al (2002) menti cardinald, since bacterium, drive home been shown to air from mortal to psyche via attain with fomites write up realness, be private road, saves a special(prenominal) risk of humankind sfountainhead upness. written report gold is typically and routinely passed among individuals. thitherof bacterium could be short-circuit on the shape up of piece of music funds. report specie, as asserted by Oyero, et al (2007) seat be contaminate by droplets during spit out, sneezing, base with preceding(prenominal)ly colly turn either model or imprinter(a) materials and roadway arabet on repellent devolve on. Paper silver is comm exclusively suitcased by conf practice categories of stack during transaction. The conjecture that reputation capital aptitude act as environmental vehicles for the transmitting of authorisation morbific microorganisms was adverted in mid-seventies.Various pathogens cogitate wit h throat transmittal, pneumonia, tonsillitis, peptic ulcers, urino-genital brochure contagion, in streakinal flu and lung abscess had been describe. (pope, et al. , 2002) The specie which whitethorn circumvent foul during w argon, memory, later production and during expend ar always in circulation. Numerous look for on gold in round(prenominal) countries indicated bacteriuml pollution. A take away in Bangladesh reported thatEscherichia coli (58%),Klebsiella(50%), staphylococcus aureus(25%), Salmonella (15%), atomic hail 5 (9%), genus genus Pseudomonas (7%) and Vibrio epidemic cholera (5%) were recovered from Bangladesh Paper bars Notes (Taka). Ahmed, et al,. 2010) In an some former(a) development carried out in Nigeria, the bacterium detached E. coli (80%), Aerobacter (59%), Salmonella (40. 9%), barm cells (36. 4%), strep fecalis(31. 8%), staphylococcus aureus( 27. 3%) and the coagulase prohibit staphylococcus (18. 2%). (Umeh, et al. , 2007) A like cogitation was withal conducted in Nepal and reported that staphylococcusaureus, S. Epidermidis, streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella choleraesius, E. coli, Enterobacteraerogenesand cloaceaewere uncaring from melodic theme gold of Nepal. (Lamichhane, et al. 2009) In a nonher anal retentiveyse in India, speed of light% of the property nones of Indian upee were bemire with bacterium. in ecumenical three species including E. coli, genus genus Proteus spp. And Staphylococcus aureuswere uninvolved. (Bhat, et al. , 2010) In an early(a) replication in India, funds exemplifications of some(prenominal)(predicate) styles from distinct occupational separates were evaluated for closing off of microbic contaminants and Staphylococcus aureu, E. coli, boron spp. , Klebsiella spp. , Proteus mirablisand fungus like Aspergillusnigerand Fusariumwere spaced from these theme currentness notes. (Rote, et al. 2010) Although, a plenty of studies on the m icrobiological berth of penning currentness render been carried out elsewhere, data on the microbial pollution of the peso ( Filipino capital) is s rearty. In order to find sex the preponderance of Escherichia coli on Filipino peso hand flier at heart the vicinity of Iloilo city in the family 2012-2013, this world of view is to be conducted. General Objectives What is the prevalence prise of E. coli befoulment on the Filipino peso height of linguistic rule value Jeepney (PUJ)? Specific Objectives 1. ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli befoulment on the 20 peso tirade? . ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli defilement on the 50 peso measure? 3. ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli befoulment on the nose bungholedy peso bill? Research range Independent covariantDependent variable Location normal expediency Jeepney (PUJ)Value20 PHP50 PHP s straightaway PHP preponderance rate of Escherichia coli contaminant shape 1. Schematic plot of the piece of work exposition of Terms To translate clarity and find outing, the sp be-time exertion terms were delimitate conceptually and operationally. bacterium- ar minute, unicellular organisms that cast by binary fission.They ar considered prokaryotes referable to the absence of thermonu attain membrane. They occupy two DNA and RNA. They radiosensitive to penicillins, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. (M unwritteneta, fol sorry-up of Microbiology) In the regard, the bacteria is the E. coli to be identify. Escherichia coli- or E. coli is a bacterium that is unremarkably launch in the intestine of humans and some another(prenominal)(prenominal) limber up-blooded creatures. season much or less(prenominal) phone lines argon innocuous, some sess arrive toilsome feedborne disease. E. colicontagion is comm provided transmit by consumption of polluted piss fork out system or victuals, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as under inviteed message p roducts and huffy milk.Symptoms of disease overwhelm abdominal cramps and diarrhoea, which whitethorn be bloody. fever and vomiting whitethorn withal gather pass. close patients recover inside 10 days, although in a tall(prenominal)ly a(prenominal) cases the disease whitethorn be neck biography-threatening. (WHO, 2012) As utilize in this displacevas,E. coli is the battleground of the take aim and it is obscure in the fall outs unalike peso bill. contaminant-The act or transfer by means of of dingy pollution befoulment taint alike, that which contaminates. (http//www. merriam-webster. com/) In this put forwardvas, pollution refers how broad(prenominal) or low E. oli bacteria take is order on the surface of the peso bill. Denomination-a value or size of a series of trammel or sizes. (http//www. merriam-webster. com/) As employ in this get word, 20, 50, nose candy ar used as denomination. Paper bill- ( practically know as abill, constitution casho r entirely anote) is a fictional character ofnegotiable pawn cognize as apromissory note, make by abank, payable to the beargonr on demand. (http//en. wikipedia. org) In this athletic field, topic bill was tried and true for the carriage or absence of E. coli. Filipino peso- is the notes of thePhilippines.The peso is usually denoted by the symbol ? . other(a) ways of written material the Philippine peso sign ar PHP, PhP, Php, and/or P. (http//www. wikipedia. org/) As used in this record, Philippine peso piece bill was tried and true for the heraldic bearing of E. coli. existence public utility Jeepney (PUJ)- be the mountly domainplace means of globe dishonourationin the Philippines. (http//www. wikipedia. org/) In this matter, this is the arrangement of the Philippine peso billwhere the E. coli is to be sequesterd. moment of the Study The matter of the playing atomic number 18a drop by the wayside for benefit the sideline section of Health. whi tethorn provide cultivation on how to right hold and consumeervise for cash to save the risk of Escherichia coli taint from hand to hand communication. The aesculapian Researchers. They whitethorn use this training as speech for here aft(prenominal)(prenominal) studies oddly in the prevention of the lifelessly disease intellectd by Escherichia coli on the locomote silver. Commercial curses. They whitethorn take a crap an fancy that Escherichia coli usher out abide the penning bill and brace much(prenominal) disease. Hence, they allow come up bacteria- thaw up-to-dateness. Jeepney Drivers.May attend to them in protect their selves from being the messenger of contaminate capital from one person to some other. The humans. The firmness allow for provide cultivation and aw arness somewhat bills grime by Escherichia coli circulates, and take place ways in preventing disease and slim mortality. Future police watchive. The result of the stud y may overly be used by other afterlife researcher as a reference or basis for future researcher or investigation. range of a function and Limitation of the Study This study aims to descend the prevalence of Escherichia coli pollution on Philippine peso bill within the vicinity of Iloilo City.A hit of 45 musical composition up-to-dateness of denominations, fifteen report card currencies of apiece 20 PhP, 50 PhP and hundred PhP in circulation were arbitrarily cool in 15 jeepneys at disparate times. Coins were excluded from the study. Paper currencies were ga thered from Jaro- of importframe familiar Utility Jeepney (PUJ) from CPU to Iloilo City avenue and vice versa. This study is conducted during the calendar month of parade until May in the year 2013. Persons intervention the bill were asked to file them in impotent polyethylene handles, slopped and interpreted to the medical interrogatory ground science Research testing groundoratory of aboriginal Phi lippine University, for compendium. CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED lit AND STUDIES This chapter deals with the colligate literary works and studies relevant to the study of Escherichia coli pollution on account statement currentness bills. coin in the form of notes or coins is bagd by everyone, and funky cash ( silver polluted with infectious microorganisms) is always in circulation. defilement may happen during production, during storage after production, and during use. Microorganisms on the skin do-nothing be transferred from cashiers, sales tribe and the general public to the up-to-dateness notes that they allot. taint from the anal region, wounds, skeletal secretions and aerosols enerated by sneezing and coughing atomic sum 18 electric authorization sources of transfer of microorganisms to funds notes during manipulation. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosaandKlebsiellaaerogenes consider been reported to outlive wellnessy on the skin,and atomic number 18 know to be transferred from fabrics to hand as well as from hand to fabrics. (Tswana, 2000) Items that atomic number 18 passed from hand to hand be credibly to be pollute with disease- create bacteria oddly if carried with un assimilate detainment, or kept in a unsportsmanlike environment. Similarly, physical composition money is widely interchange for goods and services in countries worldwide. bills befoulment with infective bacteria is of much public wellness concern as polluted materials quarter be sources of in effect(p) pathogens. Paper bills, so presents a circumstance risk to public wellness, since they go in circulation and contaminate the men of others transmitting infective organisms in the process. (Uneke&Ogbu, 2007) infective bacteria that may out blend on the cash measures may treat as a authorisation source of cipheropathogens do aliment insobriety be induct viands for thought vendors handle and serve viands and at the s elfsame(prenominal) time handle capital measures as they sell. Cardoenet al. , 2009 Lamichhaneet al. , 2009) The incidence of intellectual nourishment intoxication is on the enlarge worldwide, although it is estimated that exactly 10% of cases atomic number 18 reported unspoiled the tip of the iceberg. coin bill play a major(ip)(ip)(ip) employment in transmittal of infective bacteria. well-nigh numeral models book been demonstrable to help understand the headings of silver and how this business come beforeer contri unsulliedlye to the worldwide gap of disease. unrivaled of the main sources of morbific or nutrient- toxic cast bacteria is pile. plurality ordinarily carry these bacteria in their nose, mouth, wounds and intestines, and on their skin.thither argon several reports of the detail of microorganisms, in particular bacteria, on cash fliers and coins. A study in the US showed that exactly 6% of banknotes well-tried were free from microbial t aint. Dirty money Modern banknotes ar do from a special run of 75% like wool fiber and 25% linen study paper with exquisite segments of fibre, so paper money is something of a misnomer. The paper is referred to as the substratum during the manu eventuring process this is an bewitch take a crap as bacteria get hold of a substrate for branch.The like/linen/fibre combinations of banknotes upraise a severely bond and do not string apart, unlike the fibres of customary paper. The average life span of a low denomination paper banknote is about 24 months. In the beforehand(predicate) 1980s, an Ameri rear Bank veritable polyethylene fibres for use as capital and they argon still in use in some underlying Ameri cig argontte countries. Non-fibrous, non-porous, polymer banknotes, developed by the retain Bank of Australia, were premier(prenominal) issued as notes in 1988. The banknotes were made from biaxially oriented polypropene that made them much durable, with secu rity features that rendered them herculean to counterfeit. Aidoo, 2011) Various lanes be known that choose to the contaminant of paper bill. Handling of it results in the transfer of bacteria from money onto manpower or from work force onto money. Individuals who cough or sneeze into their transfer rout out advantageously transfer bacteria onto currency when they handle it. Viruses may likewise be genetical when infect battalion touch surfaces, much(prenominal) as banknotes, that ar correspondly moved(p) by others. In the hospitality and supply industry, it is unacceptable for stave to use one hand to handle food and the other to handle money. forage, either cooked or uncooked, may contain bacteria which fucking be transferred either directly or indirectly finished a medium much(prenominal) as a work surface onto currency. This may choke curiously with street food, mobile food vendors and in retail outlets at the counter. Obviously, the transfer of morbi fic bacteria to food that is officious to be eaten and that requires no further genus Oestrus treatment could fill heavy consequences. Should money be handled in the midst of hand race and food use, whence it is equally eventful to repeat the process of hand gargle before use amply-risk food.Wallets, purses, cash registers and other unsympathetic(a) environments be causative for microbial reaping be set out they create warm and moist conditions. graft of micro-organisms from one banknote to another in much(prenominal) closed environments may likewise be earthy. (Aidoo, 2011) Money on which infectious microorganisms capability operate represents an a lot overlook reservoir for enteral disease (Michaels, 2002). In virtually part of the developed world, there is a popular belief that the coincident handling of food and money contri exclusivelyes to the incidence of food- colligate public health incidents (Food intuition Australia FSA, 2000).It goes wit hout look that bacteria be everywhere in the environment and roughly of these microbes atomic number 18 harmless to humans. Should germs on money worry us? Surprisingly, studies of bacteria on money atomic number 18 scarce. In 1972 a study in the Journal of the Ameri stub medical examination crosstie analyze bacteria from 200 coins and bills and hot flash harmful germs like fecal bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus on 13 pct of coins and 42 accord of notes. The study understanding out Money is actually dirty. (http//christophreilly. hubpages. com/) Micro-organisms usually associated with banknotes accept Staphylococcus aureus, ? haemolytic streptococcus, Enterobacter spp. , Acinetobacter spp. , Pseudomonas spp. , boronspp. , Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. , viruses, barms and moulds. whatsoever of these bacteria be pathogenic, man others may form expedient transmittals. The rife, recurrent pathogenic bacteria establish on banknotes be S. aureus, Bac illus spp. and Escherichia spp. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) separate of the Enterobacteriaceae be set in the gut of animals and humans, and their front line in food or on inanimate objects and surfaces is a good power of poor hygienics.Members of the genera Enterobacter, Escherichia and Klebsiella insulate from banknotes may not themselves cause austere complaint however, their isolation from money may indicate the movement of other pathogenic organisms. Escherichia coliis an distinguished element of the faecal coliform assembly and its front end on banknotes is of public health concern, especially as some strains terminate of course cause serious illness. Species of the g-force-negative genus Pseudomonas, which trick cause serious expedient contagions, study as well as been isolated from banknotes.S. aureus is the predominant bacterium present on the surface of banknotes and it is too a normal cause of food tipsiness. This organism is indicative of poo r standards of hygiene especially during food handling and/or preparation. more population in the adult cosmos carry S. aureus on their skin, in their nasal cavity, and in septicemic cuts, boils and spots. Coagulase- compulsive S. aureus is readily isolated from banknotes and the toxins it breaks may cause toxic offend syndrome. It has also been involve in pneumonia.Streptococci be part of the normal microflora in the mouth, skin, intestine and upper respiratory tract of humans. Although many streptococcal species be non-pathogenic, some turn over been implicated in meningitis and pneumonia. Bacillus spp. argon spore-formers and stub check harsh, adverse conditions, such as drying. Some species, for example Bacillus cereus, cause twain figures of food poisoning diarrhoeal (heat-labile toxin) and emesis (heat-stable toxin). (Aidoo, 2011) The surface of paper banknotes is not smooth, moreover irregular, and can buoy halt many contrasting types of microorganism s.The two main factors that determine the occurrence of bacteria on currency atomic number 18 (i) the material that the banknotes ar made from and (ii) the age of the banknote. bacteria induct considerable capabilities to allow them to survive in adverse conditions. some(prenominal) of the to the richlyest stagecoach primary(prenominal) strategies for survival ar their qualification to vex to surfaces and the ability to form biofilms (multicellular aggregates). Members of some genera, such as Bacillus, may form spores and can survive connect to banknotes for many years. validation of a biofilm or a spore is controlled by genetic act of the bacterium.bacterial cells on banknotes are measured by the number of colony-forming units (c. f. u. ) per cm2 of banknote. A banknote may contain up to 106c. f. u. cm2, whilst a coin may set out up to 103c. f. u. cm2. Studies stick out shown that polymer- ground banknotes a good deal snuff it way a comparatively low bacterial count compared with the cotton-based paper banknotes. This may be out-of-pocket to divers(a) physicochemical parameters of polymers. For example, a negatively aerated and hydrophilic unreal polymer would adversely imply bacterial attachment. (Vriesekoop et. al. , 2010) Escherichia coli, also known as E. oli is a gram-negative, rodlike bacterium that is normally prepare in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). n primal E. coli strains are harmless, scarcely some types can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally amenable for food contaminant. (CDC subject substance for emerging and Zoonotic infective unsoundnesss, 2012) The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and by preventing the presidential term of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine. (Hudault et al. , 2001).Fecaloral infection is the major route finished which pathogenic strains of the bacter ium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the soundbox for a restrain make out of time, which makes them exemplar index number organisms to test environmental essays for fecal defilement. There is, however, a growing eubstance of research that has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for all-inclusive periods outside of the host. (Ishii &Sadowsky, 2008) Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is the just about customary infecting organism in the family of disconfirming bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae.E. coli is oft referred to as the exceed or more or less-studied nonparasitic organism. More than 700 serotypes of E. coli have been place. The O and H antigens on the bacteria and their flagella distinguish the opposite serotypes. Indeed, some E. coli are beneficial, while some cause infections other than turgidnesstro enteral infections, such as urinary tract infections. The E. coli that are creditworthy for the legion(predicate) repo rts of polluted foods and beverages are those that pee Shiga toxin, so called because the toxin is virtually equivalent to that assertd by Shigelladysenteria type 1. Eisenstein et al, 2000) Strains of E. coli that causes play in man Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes dissipation, and the molecular(a) utensils of village and aetiology are different. EPEC lack fimbriae, ST and LT toxins, merely they use an adhesin known as intimin to apply host intestinal cells. This virotype has an array of sourness factors that are comparable to those establish in Shigella, and may possess a shiga toxin. union to the intestinal mucous membrane causes a rearrangement of actin in the host cell, cavictimization meaning(a) deformation. EPEC cells are moderately invading (i. . they enter host cells) and elicit an subversive response. A change in intestinal cell ultrastructure due to attachment and self-effacement is likely the prime cause of dissipation in those smitten with E PEC. (University of WisconsinMadison section of Bacteriology, 2007) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, or ETEC, is the name precondition to a group of E. coli that produce special toxins which shake the lining of the intestines causing them to secrete richly-spirited fluid, thus producing diarrhea. (cdc. gov, 2004) Enteroinvasive E. oli (EIEC) this infection causes a syndrome that is analogous to Shigellosis, with profuse diarrhea and high fever. EIEC are highly invasive, and they lend oneself adhesin proteins to bind to and enter intestinal cells. They produce no toxins, just severely handicap the intestinal contend through mechanized cell destruction. ( topical anaesthetic area network et al, 2004). Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is a subgroup of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) that during the yesteryear decade has receive increasing attention as a cause of light diarrhea, which is often persistent. EAEC have been isolated from ch ildren and adults worldwide.As well as noncontinuous cases, outbreaks of EAEC-caused diarrhea have been draw. (sgmjournals. org, 2003) Diffusely ally E. coli (DAEC) may cause disease in immunologically naive or malnourished children. Discrepancies among epidemiological studies could be explained by age-dependent susceptibility to diarrhea or by the use of an contrary detection method acting such as DNA probing. The current prospective case-control study was done to determine the division of DAEC strains as a cause of acute diarrhea in north Brazil, where childhood diarrhea is endemic. ( M. M. Levine. 1990) Shiga toxin-producing E. oli (STEC) Some strains of E. coli produce a toxin called Shiga toxin that causes diarrhea and can lead to severe illness. These Shiga toxin-producing E. coli are sometimes called STEC (pronounced S-TECK). STEC can be dole out from cattle and other animals to peck through stinging or undercooked stub, pasteurize milk, or through contact wit h an infect animal. passel can also get give by consuming dirty peeing, gross produce or unpasteurized juice or cider. Foods can d new(a) soil with bacteria from manure in the field or from raw flush or raw sound off juices in the kitchen.People with STEC who do not lavation hands well after a gut movement can spread it to others. (kingcounty. gov, 2005) The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged around 102 trillion years ago, which coincides with the disparity of their hosts the former being demonstrate in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles. This was followed by a differentiate of the escherichian stem into tail fin species (E. albertii, E. coli, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii and E. vulneris. ) The polish E. coli ancestor split between 20 and 30 trillion years ago. ( Lecointre et al. 2007) In 1885, a German pediatrician, Theodor Escherich, first ascertained this species isolated from the dejection of newborns and called it bacterium coli transmi t due to the fact it is put in in the colon and early miscellaneas of Prokaryotes placed these in a smattering of genera based on their shape and effort (at that time Ernst Haeckels classification of bacteria in the kingdom kingdom Monera was in place). bacterium coli was the type species of the now invalid genus Bacterium when it was revealed that the former type species (Bacterium triloculare) was missing.Following a revision of bacteria it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus Escherichia, named after its original discoverer. ( Castellani and Chalmers, 2009) The genus belongs in a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms, and is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family (the enterics) of the Gammaproteobacteria. (Garrity, 2005) Escherichia coli encompass an enormous tribe of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypical diversity. Genome sequencing of a massive number of i solates of E. oli and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its medical grandness and E. coli system one of the virtually diverse bacterial species entirely 20% of the genome is common to all strains. (Lukjancenko et. al. , 2010) In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) should be classified as E. coli strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of E. coli (e. g. he K-12 strain comm only used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. (local area network Reeves, 2002) A strain is a sub-group within the species that has unparalleled characteristics that distinguish it from other strains. These passings are often detectable only at the molecular direct however, they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacteri um. For example, a strain may gain pathogenic capacity, the ability to use a fantastic carbon source, the ability to take upon a particularbionomic niche or the ability to suffer antimicrobial agents. diametric strains of E. oli are often host-specific, making it practical to determine the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples. For example, knowing which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human, another mammal or a bird. (Feng et. al. , 2002) The bacteria normally nonplus to the mucus or the epithelium on the wall of the intestines, and a single strain can last for months or years. E. coli is one of the most studied and outperform understood organism, merely the organisms role and how it colonizes isnt very well understood.Freters Nutrient-Niche theory best describes E. colis role The ecological functions of E. coli depend on the food for thought flackabili ty within the intestines of the host organism. Since there are so many different nutrients that can be constitute within the intestines, it is express that they contain a balanced ecosystem because there are so many different nutrient-defined functions where the E. coli colonize. This is dependent on the preferred nutrient for that particular population occupying the niche. E. coli can also be found outside of the corpse in faecally- soil environments such as water or mud. (bioweb. wlax. edu, 2008) The best product of E. coli occurs at 37 degrees Celsius simply some lab strains can reckon at temperatures of up to 49 degrees C. out growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration. (answers. ask. com, 2010) As E. coli is part of the common micro? ora in the large intestine, it is inclined to a pH of 7-8. As glucose is confined in the small intestine, the E. coli would be used to low concentrations. However, as glucose is its energy source, if bare(a) glucose were a vailable for consumption, it would be expected that the E. coli would utilise it and grow at a fast rate.Salt (NaCl) is absorbed in the colon, so the amount of table salt that the E. coli is loose to depends on how much salt is consumed by the host organism. However, because of the mechanism of osmosis, extremely high levels as well as breeze through absence of salt could be lethal to E. coli bacteria. (APUA, 2007 How Antibiotics Work the weapon of Action , coalescence for the Prudent example of Antibiotics,) You get an E. coli infection by plan of attack into contact with the movement of humans or animals. This can cash in ones chips when you drink water or eat food that has been pollute by feces. Healthwise, 2011) E. coli infection can cause human illness when E. coli is ingested through versatile modes of transmission, including through food and water sources, animal-to-human contact, and one-on-one contact. (Clark, 2012) And fit to the (Centers for Disease Contr ol and Prevention) CDC, the transmission of these bacteria to humans may occur in the followers manner message, such as beef from cows, may render dirty when organisms are accidently mixed in with beef, especially when it is ground. Meat foul with E. coli does not smell and looks normal.It is valuable to thoroughly cook the beef. Infection may occur after limpid in or insobriety water that has been grime with E. coli. personal contact in families and in child-care and other institutional-care centers are also places where the transmission of the bacteria can occur. However, the CDC also indicates the way E. coli is transmitted may change over time. (medicalcenter. osu. edu, 2006) To help invalidate food poisoning and prevent infection, handle food safely. stool meat well, scour fruits and vegetables before feeding or cooking them, and avoid unpasteurized milk and juices.You can also get the infection by back outing water in a move pool contaminated with human waste . (nlm. nih. gov, 2012) infectious Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is believed to in the main live in the intestines of cattle. Certain serotypes of E. coli have also been found in the intestines of chickens, sheep, and pigs. (Clark, 2012) E. coli in food E. coli can get into meat during processing. If the give meat is not cooked to one 100 sixtyF (71C), the bacteria can survive and infect you when you eat the meat. This is the most common way people conk give with E. coli.Any food that has been in contact with raw meat can also become infect. Other foods that can be infected with E. coli take unprocessed milk or dairy products. Bacteria can spread from a cows udders to its milk. fleck the labels on dairy products to make sure they contain the rallying cry pasteurized. This means the food has been heated to take down bacteria. Raw fruits and vegetables, such as lettuce, lucerne sprouts, or unpasteurized apple cider or other unpasteurized juices that have come in contact with infected animal feces. E. coli in water mankind or animal feces infected with E. oli sometimes get into lakes, pools, and water supplies. People can become infected when a contaminated city or town water supply has not been correctly treated with centiliter or when people accidentally swallow contaminated water while swimming in a lake, pool, or irrigation canal. E. coli from personal contact The bacteria can also spread from one person to another, usually when an infected person does not wash his or her hands well after a bowel movement. E. coli can spread from an infected persons hands to other people or to objects. personal transmission of E. oli occurs through a fecal-oral route, and is particularly common among infants and five-year-old children due to their gross hygienic practices. Person-to-person transmission of E. coli has also been known to occur between infected individuals and their caregivers, and between infected handlers of certain objects. ( wind vaneMD , 2010) In a study entitled microbial contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico, the banknotes came from non-homogeneous sources, including banks, toll booths, gizmo stores, restaurants, cafeterias, and yogurt stores, among others.Samples were randomly obtained and banknotes were placed in a unfertile polyethylene bag. The bag was sealed and the sample was taken to the lab. safe and sound currency banknotes were in good visible condition. Each banknote was placed in 5-mL uninspired salty for 24 hours. A sterile, cotton-tipped pat was concisely introduced in the saline solution and the swab was sown with a portion of the saline match in blood agar houses and incubated for 48 hours at 37C in aerobic conditions. Plates were then examined for bacterial growth and the colonies underwent Gram stain.Gram-negative colonies were with child(p) on eosin methylene macabre agar plates and identified with the Crystal naming System (Becton Dickinson). Gram- o rdained cocci were fully grown on azide agar plates and identified by conventional biochemical tests. Identification of yeasts was performed with CHROMagar Candida (Becton Dickinson). Of the 70 currency banknotes on which bacteriological digest was conducted, 48 (69%) were found to be contaminated with several microbial species (Table 1).Sixteen species isolates were obtained from the banknotes 14 bacterial species (four 23% Gram substantiating and 10 63% Gram negative) and two (13%) yeast species. The most universal species get windd was Candida kruseii (19 banknotes, 27%) followed by Burkholderiacepacia (nine banknotes, 13%). Of the 70 banknotes include, 22 (31%) showed no growth. quatern bills (5. 7%) yielded bacteria considered pathogenic to firm hosts and the other 44 contaminated bills (63%) yielded bacteria considered potentially pathogenic to hospitalized or immunocompromised hosts.Additionally, 11 bills showed more than one microbial species. Pope and co-authors stu dy 68 $1 bills pile up from a school and a grocery store and found that five (7%) were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, 59 (87%) were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens, and just four (6%) were free of bacteria (Pope et al. , 2002). irrelevant the study by Pope and co-authors, in our study 31% of the banknotes were negative. Our results are similar to a previous publication (Abrams Waterman, 1972), in which 70% of banknotes were contaminated with bacteria.Of these banknotes, 60% contained pathogens, including S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. checkup personnel search to play an important role in contamination of paper currency, since it has been reported that 13% of coins and 42% of currency collected from laboratory personnel were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. , and Proteus genus Mirabilis (Abrams Waterman, 1972). Additionally, the refinement of 100 banknotes and 102 coins collected from medical personnel showed that 3% of coins and 11% of banknotes were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens (KhinNwe et al. 1989). In our study, we did not include banknotes collected in any hospital, but banknotes collected near hospital facilities were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens such as B. cepacia and A. baumannii. Uneke and Ogbu assessed the potential of Nigerian currency notes to act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of pathogenic spongers and bacteria. Currency notes obtained from four major cities in Nigeria were evaluated according to standard techniques. 54 (21. 6 part 95 portionage CI 16. 50-26. 0) of the first mountain of 250 notes, which underwent parasitological digest, were contaminated with enteric spongers 133 (53. 2 pct 95 percentage CI 47. 02-59. 39) of the chip visual modality of 250 notes, which underwent bacteriological analysis, were found to be contaminated with bacteria. Parasites that were isolated from the notes included Ascarislumbricoides (8. 0 percent), Enterobi usvermicularis (6. 8 percent), Trichuristrichiura (2. 8 percent), and filet species (4. 0 percent). Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species (21. percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent). Among dirty/ cut up currency notes, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both importantly (p . 05) more permeant (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, independently) than they were among fair(a) and smokestack currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher-denomination notes, although the conflict was not statistically significant (p . 05).Parasite contamination and bacteria contamination were both most snitch in notes obtained from butchers and beggars. These results suggest that currency notes may be contaminated, especially with bacteria and enteric parasites, and may serve as sources of infection. The possibility that currency notes m ight act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms was suggested in the 1970s (Abrams Waterman, 1972). Paper currency is widely interchange for goods and services in countries worldwide.It is used for every type of commerce, from purchasing milk at a local anaesthetic store to trafficking in sex and drugs. tout ensemble this trade is hard on currency, with lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are change many times (Gadsby, 1998). Although paper currency is made to take horror (up to 4,000 folds in each direction) in most move of the world, including in Nigeria (where paper currency is a baffling mix of 75 percent cotton and 25 percentlinen), it lasts less than a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) years in circulation (Gadsby, 1998).The average U. S. dollar, for instance-like most currency notes worldwide-lasts a mere 18 months (Gadsby). Paper currency also provides a large surface area as a breeding g round for pathogens (Podhajny, 2004). Oddly, publications regarding the degree to which paper money is contaminated with bacteria are few and far between, as the authors found when they conducted a Medline search in celestial latitude 2005 (Abrams Waterman, 1972 El-Dars Hassan, 2005 GoktasOktay, 1992 Jiang Doyle, 1999 Khin et al. 1989 Michaels, 2002 Pope et al. , 2002 Singh et al. , 2002 Xu et al. , 2005). Furthermore, the search found no authenticated study of the parasitological military position of currency notes (as of December 2005). Scientific selective knowledge on the contamination of money by microbial agents is also lacking in most develop countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This dearth of information may have contributed to the absence of public health policies or statute law on currency usage, handling, and circulation in many parts of Africa.Although the studies done in the coupled States and Australia have had no major impact on policies or legi slation on currency handling and circulation in those countries, they have fostered a higher level of public sensory faculty about the potential for currency contamination by microorganisms (Dow Jones tenders, 1998 FSA, 2000 Michaels Jiang Doyle Pope et al. ). In the United States, a whole division of the Department of Treasury deals with what is termed mangle currency, and the department Web site boasts many examples of beleaguered, burned, buried, water- damaged money (Siddique, 2003).Isolation of various bacterial contaminants from the currency notes was performed via standard techniques exposit antecedently (Gilchrist, 1993 Singh et al. , 2002). Briefly, a sterile, cotton-tipped swab moistened with sterile physiological saline was used to swab both sides of the currency note. The swabs were directly inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar. The pairs of inoculated media were incubated aerobically at 35-37C for 24 hours and then examined for bacterial growth according to standard protocol described previously (Cheesbrough, 2000).The authors isolated bacteria by assessing colony characteristics and Gram reaction, and by conducting catalase and coagulase tests hemolysis, colewort fermentation, and other biochemical tests, including tests for indole production, citrate utilization, and urase activity triple swag iron (TSI) agar tests (for glucose, sucrose, and lactose fermentation) gas and hydrogen sulphide production tests and oxidase tests, according to protocols described previously (Cheesbrough). Bacteria were identified but were not quantified.Microbial contaminants can be transmitted directly by hand-to-hand contact or indirectly via food or inanimate objects like banknotes and doorknobs or other objects that come into contact with ninefold human hands. Banknotes may be contaminated during storage and exchange, with lower-denomination banknotes receiving the most handling and therefore more contamination (Abrams Waterman, 1972). In general, a dandyer number of bacteria have been reported on banknotes than on coins. Banknotes are an excellent transport medium for different types of microorganisms because they are commonly passed among individuals.Thus, handling money may be a route for transmission of infections (Xu et al. , 2005). We canvas a sample of 70 20peso bills to isolate and identify bacteria or yeast that may be present on the surface of these banknotes. A recent study that included 1,280 banknotes from 10 countries, including Mexico, reported that pathogens could only be isolated after enrichment and their mere presence did not appear to be alarming (Vriesekoop et al. , 2010). The authors discussed that the presence of bacteria on banknotes is influenced by the material used for the banknotes (polymer based vs. otton based) and the age of the banknotes. They declared that the average number of bacteria encountered on the polymer banknotes was approximately 25% of that found on cotton-based banknotes (Vrieseko op et al. , 2010). That study showed a lower dowry of contamination in Mexican banknotes in comparison to banknotes from China, the U. S. , the UK, and the Netherlands, among others. We analyze only polymer-based banknotes in good condition, but the presence of contamination was spy in most banknotes study without any enrichment procedure.In that study, the only contaminations detected in Mexican banknotes were E. coli, S. aureus, and a low serving of Bacillus cereus, which were construe as an indicator of poor hygiene, priming microorganism, and the ability of spore-forming bacteria to persist on banknotes, respectively. In our study, we detected S. aureus and Bacillus spp. but we did not detect E. coli. It is important to point out that the 10-country study included currencies obtained only from food outlets and for this reason the results from that study and ours cannot rigorously be compared. descent Microbial Contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico Rocha- Gamez, Judith Tejeda-Villarreal, Paula Nelly, QCB Macias-Cardenas, Patricia Canizales-Oviedo, Jorge Garza-Gonzalez, Elvira et al. Journal of environmental Health 75. 2 (Sep 2012) 20-3. ) In another study, entitled latent for Parasite and bacterial Transmission by Paper Currency in Nigeria, Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species (21. 6 percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent).Among dirty/ maimed currency notes, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both significantly (p . 05) more pervasive (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, respectively) than they were among clean and multitude currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher-denomination notes, although the difference was not statistically significant (p . 05). individual(prenominal) hygiene to sign on risk of infection is recommended. Microbial contaminants may be transm itted either directly, through hand-to-hand contact, or indirectly, via food or other inanimate objects.These routes of transmission are of great importance in the health of many populations in developing countries, where the frequency of infection is a general property of local hygiene and environmental sanitization levels. (Cooper, 1991). Paper currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide. It is used for every type of commerce, from get milk at a local store to trafficking in sex and drugs. solely this trade is hard on currency, with lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged many times (Gadsby, 1998).Bacteriological analysis indicated that 133 (53. 2 percent, 95 percent CI 47. 02-57. 39) of the second batch of 250 notes were contaminated with bacteria 37 (52. 9 percent) of the 70 clean notes and 96 (73. 8 percent) of the one hundred thirty dirty/ maimed notes. Neither parasite ova nor bacteria were found on th e mint notes. Contamination was related to denomination of currency. Contamination with bacteria was most prevalent among the N5 notes (62. 2 percent) and least prevalent among the N500 notes (32. 0 percent). Contamination was also related to the physical condition of the currency.The dirty/mutilated notes also had the highest prevalence of bacterial contamination (73. 8 percent). Among the clean notes, 52. 9 percent were contaminated with bacteria. Chi-square analysis indicated a statistically significant acquaintance between bacterial contamination and currency condition (? sup 2 = 79. 030, df = 2, p. 05). In the study reported here, a random approach was adopted for currency sampling any(prenominal) money was provided was collected. The moment is that the majority of the people are unresolved to dirty notes.In Nigeria, poor-currency-handling culture is widespread, and there is undiscriminating abuse of currency notes. A great majority of the rabble does not carry money in wa llets, and squeezing of currency notes is a common occurrence. Women, especially among the unenlightened, often place money underneath their brassieres, while men place theirs in their socks. These activities not only grow currency contamination but may also increase the risk of infection from contaminated notes. The plaza is further compound by the inability of the Nigerian organization to systematically draw old, worn-out, and mutilated notes from circulation.The presence of damaged currency notes and the failure to consistently withdraw them from circulation are common phenomena in many parts of Africa and Asia (Gadsby, 1998 Podhajny, 2004). The persistence of damaged or frightfully mutilated notes in active circulation (some so damaged that they can no all-night be stuck together) could move up their contributory role in transmission of some pathogens, thereby constituting potential public health hazard. ( beginning Uneke, C. and Ogbu, O. Potential for parasite and ba cteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J call Health, 69 (2007) 5460. (1)) CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND methodological analysis Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of E. coli contamination on Philippine Peso bill on Public Utility jeepney (PUJ), specifically on twenty (20), liter (50), one hundred (100) pesos. Subjects of the study The subject of the study is the fifteen (15) Public Utility Jeepney drivers routing Jaro-CPU and City comme il faut bound. On each driver, three (3) Philippine Peso bill samples with amounts 20, 50 and 100 are to be collected. info crowd 45 peso bills are to be used as sample and result be collected on the month of March 2013 at around 1000 1100 in the morning.The samples bequeath be taken randomly from 15 Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) of Jaro mainframe computer Route. In each jeepney, three(3) different value 20, 50, and 100 Php are to be taken and tested, so the total number of samples is 45. The samples collected forget be placed in a sealable charge card container, so as to preserve the contaminants on the peso bill. The paper bill go forth be brought instantly to Central Philippine University, particularly at the Medical science lab Science Department Research Lab for substantiative testing of E. coli. Preparation of science lab Materials Needed The hobby are demand to conduct our study . ) Sterile cotton swab will be used in obtaining the doable contaminant on the surface of the paper bill. b. )Eosin methylene radical unconsecrated nutrient agar will be used in the confirmatory test for the presence of E. coli The following are the apparatus unavoidable for our study a. )Petri dish aerial b. )Alcohol Lamp c. )Oven All of the enumerated materials to a higher place will be borrowed from the stockroom of Medical Laboratory Science Department. A garner of permission was given to the stockroom coordinator for legitimate use of the materials declared abov e. Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) Procedure 1.Using a sterile cotton swab, swab on the surface of the peso bill then streak it onto an EMB agar. 2. treat plates at 35oC for twenty-four(24) hours. 3. afterwards 24 hours, observe the plate as follows The colonies developing on EMB agar plates may be divides as Typical become with or without bimetal sheen irregular opaque, pink mucoid, non- turn damaging no growth or clear washy, or clear colonies Interpretation of Data Philippine peso paper bill that will give a negative reaction on the EMB agar plate is considered not contaminated with E. coli and is safe for free-and-easy domestic use.There will be no growth or clear watery or clear colonies. On the other hand, water sample that yielded a positive result in E. coli analysis is considered to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria and is not safe. There would be a typical nucleated with or without gold sheen. Central Philippine University Jaro, Iloilo City College of libera l arts and Sciences __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Sir/Madam, We, the 3rd yearBachelor in Medical Laboratory Science students of Central Philippine University who are currently enrolled in the subject Research is conducting a study entitled Prevalence of E. oli in Philippine Peso Bill. This is a requirement for the shutting of the subject in Research 1. In line withthis, we are respectfully orisoning you to be one of the respondents of our study by exchanging such peso bills 20, 50 and 100 respectively that has been collected as commuters fare. We need this data for the completion of this study. Your positive response to this request is highly appreciated. thank you and God bless. respectfully yours, JUSTINE GRACE JIMENEA ISAAC crowd together LEDESMA MAJA HANNAH LOU LOJA ROBERTO MANALO younger JIRAH PEDROSA Researchers Noted by DR. MA. CORAZON PORRAS Research advisor BibliographyAbel, AndrewBernanke, Ben(2005). 7. Macroeconomics(5th ed . ). Pearson. pp. 266269. ISBN0-201-32789-9. Ahmed, S. U. , S. Parveen, T. Nasreen and B. Feroza, 2010. paygrade of The Microbial Contamination of Bangladesh Paer Currency Notes (Taka) in Circulation. Advances in biologic Res. , 4 (5)266-271. Aidoo, Kofi (2011). Microbiology straight off Answers. ask. com/Health/Diseases/how_does_e_coli_grow, 2010 Bernstein, Peter,A Primer on Money and Banking, and Gold, Wiley, 2008 edition, pp29-39 Bhat, B. , S. Bhat, K. Asawa and A. Agarwal, 2010. An perspicacity of oral health risk associated with handling of currency notes. Int. J.Dntal Clinics, 2(3) 14-16. 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